健康与社会 公开课(字母序) |
字母序 | 将开始 | 进行中 |
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Medical Computing (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 主页: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-950j-medical-computing-spring-2003 简介: The focus of the course is on medical science and practice in the age of automation and the genome, both present and future. |
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Medical Decision Support (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course presents the main concepts of decision analysis, artificial intelligence, and predictive model construction and evaluation in the specific context of medical applications. The advantages and disadvantages of using these methods in real-world systems are emphasized, while students gain hands-on experience with application specific methods. The technical focus of the course includes decision analysis, knowledge-based systems (qualitative and quantitative), learning systems (including logistic regression, classification trees, neural networks), and techniques to evaluate the performance of such systems. |
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Medical Decision Support (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course presents the main concepts of decision analysis, artificial intelligence and predictive model construction and evaluation in the specific context of medical applications. It emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of using these methods in real-world systems and provides hands-on experience. Its technical focus is on decision support, knowledge-based systems (qualitative and quantitative), learning systems (including logistic regression, classification trees, neural networks, rough sets), and techniques to evaluate the performance of such systems. It reviews computer-based diagnosis, planning and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. It also discusses implemented medical applications and the software tools used in their construction. Students produce a final project using the machine learning methods learned in the course, based on actual clinical data. |
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Modeling Issues in Speech and Hearing (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course explores the theory and practice of scientific modeling in the context of auditory and speech biophysics. Based on seminar-style discussions of the research literature, the class draws on examples from hearing and speech, and explores general, meta-theoretical issues that transcend the particular subject matter. Examples include: What is a model? What is the process of model building? What are the different approaches to modeling? What is the relationship between theory and experiment? How are models tested? What constitutes a good model? |
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Molecular Biology and Genetics in Modern Medicine (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course provides a foundation for understanding the relationship between molecular biology, developmental biology, genetics, genomics, bioinformatics, and medicine. It develops explicit connections between basic research, medical understanding, and the perspective of patients. Principles of human genetics are reviewed. We translate clinical understanding into analysis at the level of the gene, chromosome and molecule; we cover the concepts and techniques of molecular biology and genomics, and the strategies and methods of genetic analysis, including an introduction to bioinformatics. Material in the course extends beyond basic principles to current research activity in human genetics. |
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Molecular Biology for the Auditory System (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: An introductory course in the molecular biology of the auditory system. First half focuses on human genetics and molecular biology, covering fundamentals of pedigree analysis, linkage analysis, molecular cloning, and gene analysis as well as ethical/legal issues, all in the context of an auditory disorder. Second half emphasizes molecular approaches to function and dysfunction of the cochlea, and is based on readings and discussion of research literature. |
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Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course is offered during the Independent Activities Period (IAP), which is a special 4-week term at MIT that runs from the first week of January until the end of the month. |
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Music Perception and Cognition (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: » Watch a video introduction featuring one of the course instructors. |
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Narrative Ethics: Literary Texts and Moral Issues in Medicine (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course is offered during the Independent Activities Period (IAP), which is a special 4-week term at MIT that runs from the first week of January until the end of the month. |
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Neural Coding and Perception of Sound (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course focuses on neural structures and mechanisms mediating the detection, localization and recognition of sounds. Discussions cover how acoustic signals are coded by auditory neurons, the impact of these codes on behavioral performance, and the circuitry and cellular mechanisms underlying signal transformations. Topics include temporal coding, neural maps and feature detectors, learning and plasticity, and feedback control. General principles are conveyed by theme discussions of auditory masking, sound localization, musical pitch, speech coding, and cochlear implants. |
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Neuroethics (CourseraArchive) 1 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: Unknown 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/neuroethics 简介: This course will examine the ethical, legal and social issues raised by neuroscience. Topics will include the implications of new knowledge of the brain for our understanding of selfhood, for the meaning of privacy, for the distinction between therapy and enhancement, and for national security. |
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Physiology of the Ear (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 主页: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-720-physiology-of-the-ear-fall-2004 简介: Topics for this course are based primarily on reading and discussions of original research literature that cover the analysis as well as the underlying physical and physiological mechanisms of acoustic signals in the auditory periphery. Topics include the acoustics, mechanics, and hydrodynamics of sound transmission; the biophysical basis for cochlear amplification; the physiology of hair-cell transduction and synaptic transmission; efferent feedback control; the analysis and coding of simple and complex sounds by the inner ear; and the physiological bases for hearing disorders. |
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Planning & Design of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: Unknown 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/sanitation 简介: Learn more about how to plan for urban sanitation at city and local/community levels, different sanitation system and technology configurations and examples of successful and failed urban sanitation systems in low- and middle-income countries. |
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Principle and Practice of Human Pathology (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: In addition to a detailed |
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Principles and Practice of Tissue Engineering (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: The principles and practice of tissue engineering (and regenerative medicine) are taught by faculty of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST) and Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. The principles underlying strategies for employing selected cells, biomaterial scaffolds, soluble regulators or their genes, and mechanical loading and culture conditions, for the regeneration of tissues and organs |
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Principles of Pharmacology (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: The object of the course is to teach students an approach to the study of pharmacologic agents. It is not intended to be a review of the pharmacopoeia. The focus is on the basic principles of biophysics, biochemistry and physiology, as related to the mechanisms of drug action, biodistribution and metabolism. The course consists of lectures and student-led case discussions. Topics covered include: mechanisms of drug action, dose-response relations, pharmacokinetics, drug delivery systems, drug metabolism, toxicity of pharmacological agents, drug interaction and substance abuse. Selected agents and classes of agents are examined in detail. |
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Projects in Microscale Engineering for the Life Sciences (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course is a project-based introduction to manipulating and characterizing cells and biological molecules using microfabricated tools. It is designed for first year undergraduate students. In the first half of the term, students perform laboratory exercises designed to introduce (1) the design, manufacture, and use of microfluidic channels, (2) techniques for sorting and manipulating cells and biomolecules, and (3) making quantitative measurements using optical detection and fluorescent labeling. In the second half of the term, students work in small groups to design and test a microfluidic device to solve a real-world problem of their choosing. Includes exercises in written and oral communication and team building. |
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Public Policy Challenges of the 21st Century (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 9 weeks 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/publicpolicy 简介: Want to learn how U.S. public policy is really made? Want to hear directly from political leaders on how things get done in Washington, DC? This University of Virginia course will provide lectures from top leaders, such U.S. Senator Tim Kaine, former Congressman Tom Davis, Congressman Gerry Connolly, former White House Press Secretary Dee Dee Meyers and more. |
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Quantitative Genomics (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 主页: http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/health-sciences-and-technology/hst-508-quantitative-genomics-fall-2005 简介: This course provides a foundation in the following four areas: evolutionary and population genetics; comparative genomics; structural genomics and proteomics; and functional genomics and regulation. |
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Quantitative Physiology: Organ Transport Systems (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course elaborates on the application of the principles of energy and mass flow to major human organ systems. It discusses mechanisms of regulation and homeostasis. It also discusses anatomical, physiological, and pathophysiological features of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal systems. There is emphasis on those systems, features, and devices that are most illuminated by the methods of physical sciences. |
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Questionnaire Design for Social Surveys (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 6 weeks 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/questionnairedesign 简介: This course will cover the basic elements of designing and evaluating questionnaires. We will review the process of responding to questions, challenges and options for asking questions about behavioral frequencies, practical techniques for evaluating questions, mode specific questionnaire characteristics, and review methods of standardized and conversational interviewing. |
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Rationing and Allocating Scarce Medical Resources (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: Unknown 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/rationing 简介: This course will explore the complex challenges of allocating scarce medical resources at both the micro and macro level. Students will learn the theories behind allocation and use modern examples to explore how society makes the difficult decisions that arise when there is not enough to go around. |
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Resilience in Children Exposed to Trauma, Disaster and War: Global Perspectives (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: Unknown 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/resilienceinchildren 简介: How do children overcome hazardous experiences to succeed in life? What can be done to protect young people at risk from trauma, war, disasters, and other adversities? Learn about the importance of fostering resilience in children at risk. |
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Social Epidemiology (CourseraArchive) 2 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: Unknown 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/socialepi 简介: Social epidemiology is about how a society makes people sick and/or healthy. We address not only the identification of new disease risk factors (e.g., deficient social capital) but also how well-known exposures (e.g., cigarette smoking, lead paint, health insurance) emerge and are maintained by the social system. |
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Social Psychology (CourseraArchive) 1 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 7 weeks 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/socialpsychology 简介: Ever wonder why people do what they do? This course offers some answers based on the latest research from social psychology. |
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Social Studies of Bioscience and Biotech (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: In this course, social, ethical and clinical issues associated with the development of new biotechnologies and their integration into clinical practice is discussed. Basic scientists, clinicians, bioethicists, and social scientists present on the following four general topics: changing political economy of biotech research; problems associated with the adaption of new biotechnologies and findings from molecular biology for clinical settings; the ethical issues that emerge from clinical research and clinical use of new technologies; and the broader social ethics of access and inequality. |
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Solid Science: Research Methods (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 6 weeks 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/solidsciencemethods 简介: Discover the principles of solid scientific methods in the behavioral and social sciences. Join us and learn to separate sloppy science from solid research! |
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Survival Skills for Researchers: The Responsible Conduct of Research (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: This course is designed to provide graduate students and postdoctoral associates with techniques that enhance both validity and responsible conduct in scientific practice. Lectures present practical steps for developing skills in scientific research and are combined with discussion of cases. The course covers study design, preparation of proposals and manuscripts, peer review, authorship, use of humans and non-human animals in research, allegations of misconduct, and intellectual property. Also discussed are mentoring relationships and career options. Aspects of responsible research conduct are integrated into lectures and case discussion as appropriate to the specific topic. This course also satisfies the training grant requirements of the NIH for education in the responsible conduct of research. |
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The Land Ethic Reclaimed: Perceptive Hunting, Aldo Leopold, and Conservation (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 4 weeks 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/perceptivehunting 简介: The rich history of wildlife management and recreational hunting plays an important role in the evolving face of conservation. The use and enjoyment of our natural resources has a significant impact on our communities. This course will explore the ethics, science, and democracy of conservation, hunting, and The Land Ethic in North America. |
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The New Nordic Diet - from Gastronomy to Health (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: Unknown 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/newnordicdiet 简介: The New Nordic Diet is a new food culture which emphasizes gastronomy, health, and environment. This course presents the scientific background of the New Nordic Diet, the world’s largest research project into adult and child health and well-being, and will help you better understand the global challenges such as obesity and obesity-related diseases. |
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The Peripheral Auditory System (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: In this course, experimental approaches to the study of hearing and deafness are presented through lectures, laboratory exercises and discussions of the primary literature on the auditory periphery. Topics include inner-ear development, functional anatomy of the inner ear, cochlear mechanics and micromechanics, mechano-electric transduction by hair cells, outer hair cells' electromotility and the cochlear amplifier, otoacoustic emissions, synaptic transmission, stimulus coding in auditory nerve responses, efferent control of cochlear function, damage and repair of hair-cell organs, and sensorineural hearing loss. |
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The Social Context of Mental Health and Illness (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 6 weeks 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/mentalhealth 简介: Learn how social factors promote mental health, influence the onset and course of mental illness, and affect how mental illnesses are diagnosed and treated. |
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Tumor Pathophysiology and Transport Phenomena (MIT公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 未知 简介: Tumor pathophysiology plays a central role in the growth, invasion, metastasis and treatment of solid tumors. This class applies principles of transport phenomena to develop a systems-level, quantitative understanding of angiogenesis, blood flow and microcirculation, metabolism and microenvironment, transport and binding of small and large molecules, movement of cancer and immune cells, metastatic process, and treatment response. |
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Useful Genetics (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 6 weeks 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/usefulgenetics 简介: This course will give you a thorough understanding of gene function and inheritance, and will enable you to apply this understanding to real-world issues, both personal and societal. |
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Useful Genetics Part 2 (CourseraArchive) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 5 weeks 主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/usefulgenetics2 简介: This college-level course gives students a thorough understanding of gene function and inheritance, and enables them to apply this understanding to real-world issues, both personal and societal. This is Part 2 of a two-part course. |
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《开讲啦》王力宏：梦想造就软实力 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 1 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/movie/2013/5/8/A/M8T94LK89_M8T95048A.html 简介: 在这次的《开讲啦》“青春季”中，王力宏自曝“经历过无数的挫折，无数的打击”。王力宏告诉年轻人，付出和被拒绝是每个人必经的路。当年他给北京奥运会写奥运歌曲，连续写了十多首新歌，可是一首都没被选上。他表示这个过程是你拥有的，当时的心态是一个给予的心态，把这些经历都当做锻炼自己的机会。他说：“自己永远不会因为付出而吃亏的。”在现场，王力宏还分享了自己的人生感悟和人生哲学。 |
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【TED】了解中国的崛起 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 1 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/movie/2011/1/B/U/M78ACIJUH_M8SI3ONBU.html 简介: 在TED伦敦沙龙会上，经济学家马丁·雅克Martin Jacques问：在西方我们对中国和它显著的崛起现象有多少认识？作为《当中国统治世界》的作者，他解释了西方国家常常对中国经济的快速增长力感到困惑的理由，他提出3个基础观点来帮助我们理解当代的中国现实和中国未来的展望。 |
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【TED】视频重塑教育 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 1 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/movie/2011/7/3/K/M77RK03CG_M77RKND3K.html 简介: Salman Khan给我们讲述开创Khan学院的过程及原因。Khan学院不仅有良好的数学视频教学体系，而且也包含有别的学科。他给我们展示了互动式的练习，并且呼吁老师们打破传统的教学模式，将视频教学融入其中，让学生在教室老师的指导下完成所谓的“家庭作业”。 |
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【TED】谈反对性奴隶的抗争 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 1 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/movie/2011/7/B/Q/M7AT9CFRF_M7ATBDDBQ.html 简介: Sunitha Krishnan 整一生都在拯救那些被卷入性交易的妇女和儿童，而性交易现今已经成长为了一个数以亿计的市场。在这个伟大的演说里，Sunitha 讲述了三个孩子以及她自身的故事，并且呼吁通过更为人道的方式去帮助受害者重建她们的生活。 |
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东京大学：法与现代社会 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 东京大学：法与现代社会 主页: http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/tokyolaw.html 简介: 科技大学的东京2010概述讲座，“法律与现代社会：有形无形的法律”，现代社会及其特征已在许多领域动荡。当改变了人们的价值观念和社会状况，法律自觉控制需要以尽量减少过渡成本。反过来，变化的社会条件和价值也会影响法律。像这样一线前沿的法律和社会互动让我们一起重新拿起了一些日本社会，这就是这个演讲的“意图”。 |
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东南大学公开课：现代绿色交通 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 5 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/special/cuvocw/lvsejiaotong.html 简介: 本课程以绿色交通为主题，将交通发展、交通建设、交通设计、交通文明、交通文化、现代信息交通等相结合，通过视频讲解，让观众了解现代交通的进展，现代交通文明的需要，现代信息交通的整体趋势，提高现代交通效率，主要是提高文明意识和现代绿色交通建设的整体意识。 |
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亚利桑那大学公开课：活到一百岁 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 亚利桑那大学公开课：活到一百岁 主页: http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/beyond100.html 简介: 本系列演讲探讨了长寿的影响，介绍了长寿的成本和可能性，老年生物学，高龄对大脑的影响，对世界人口的影响，以及医药的发展，老年人与信息化日渐密切的联系。 |
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俄克拉荷马大学新闻大众传播学院：英国媒体研究 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 俄克拉荷马大学新闻大众传播学院：英国媒体研究 主页: http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/britishmedia.html 简介: 俄克拉荷马大学新闻大众传播学院新推出了“旅行研究课程”由Dean Joe Foote 和 Dr. Ralph Beliveau 所带领的团队将用两周半的时间游历伦敦巴黎等地，遍访各大媒体机构，并与其记着，编辑以及高层人员见面，同时就新闻传播，广告以及公共关系进行研究学习，研究地点更将深入至英国广播公司，英国卫报，以及英国独立电视新闻等机构。 |
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公共政策学_全22集_网易公开课 (Code School) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 麻省理工公开课：公共政策学 主页: http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/policy.html 简介: 多位来自全球各方面的专家，对其所从事的各领域的公共政策进行探讨和研究。 |
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利伯缇大学公开课：犯罪心理学 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 利伯缇大学公开课：犯罪心理学 主页: http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/criminalpsychology.html 简介: 本课程旨在理解犯罪者的犯罪心理及过程，以及心理、教育、环境等因素对犯罪类型的影响。 |
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剑桥大学公开课：人类学 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 剑桥大学公开课：人类学 主页: http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/anthropology.html 简介: 人类学顾名思义就是研究人类的本质的学科。从生物和文化的角度对人类进行全面研究的学科群，最早见于古希腊哲学家亚里士多德对具有高尚道德品质及行为的人的描述中。在19世纪以前，人类学这个词的用法相当于我们今天所说的体质人类学，尤其是指对人体解剖学和生理学的研究。 |
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加州大学洛杉矶分校:家庭与夫妇心理学-亲密关系 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 17 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/couplespsychology.html 简介: 本课程探究了长期以来人们对家庭夫妇间亲密关系的理解和论断。由于数千年来科学家对亲密关系研究的忽视，当通俗心理学占据了关系学的主导地位时，人们对人际关系的了解和领会往往是肤浅的，甚至是错误的。然而，最近20年中，如本课程所论述，这方面的研究工作发生了重大的变化。它将使我们对爱情、婚姻、承诺、友谊、激情、理解、沟通、亲密、依恋、伴侣选择、嫉妒等各个方面有一个崭新的认识。本课程甚至从个体精神病理学层面探究探讨夫妻关系、夫妇不和与家庭破裂的内在关联。 |
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北京交通大学公开课：高速铁路纵横 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 9 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/special/cuvocw/gaosutielu.html 简介: 围绕高速铁路社会普遍关心的问题，用深入浅出的方式讲解高速铁路的基本知识，分析高速铁路发展中的问题，共同探讨中国高铁健康发展、高效运营的措施。课程通过九个专题形成科学性和通俗性相结合的高速铁路技术知识体系，主要内容有：高速铁路发展史、中国高铁之路、高铁效益面面观、动车组探秘、让高速列车飞驰的基石、高速铁路开放的窗口—车站、时刻表里的高铁大世界、体验高铁之旅以及高速铁路安全与维修。 |
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北京体育大学公开课：奥林匹克运动 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 5 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/special/cuvocw/aolinpike.html 简介: 本课程构建了奥林匹克教育内容的基本框架与主要观点，内容涉及奥林匹克运动与人的和谐发展、现代奥运会与古代奥运会主要特点的比较、奥林匹克运动与现代科学技术、奥林匹克运动与社会、中华人民共和国与奥林匹克运动，高度概括了奥林匹克运动的知识要点，使学习者在很短的时间内便会对人类社会的这一大奇观有较为全面、深入的理解。广泛用于北京奥组委工作人员的上岗培训及各类相关人员的奥林匹克教育。 |
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华中农业大学公开课：民俗文化鉴赏 (网易公开课) 0 个评论 关注 开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 6 videos 主页: http://v.163.com/special/cuvocw/minsuwenhua.html 简介: 民俗文化鉴赏是民俗学与文化学交叉与融合的一门边缘学科，是社会工作、法学、社会学、广告学等专业重要的专业选修课程，大学生人文素质教育课程，面向社会公众的文化素质教育课程。主要任务是通过对民俗文化的学习，认识民众的物质生活和精神生活，了解民间社区和集体的人群意愿，认识不同特色的风俗、习惯、心态、制度等。 |
