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**课程名称：原子结构 (STRUCTURE OF ATOM)** **课程概述：** 本课程将带领您探索原子的奥秘。我们将回顾原子在19世纪之前被认为是不可分割的最小粒子，并深入研究一系列实验如何揭示其内在结构。课程内容涵盖： * **原子结构：** 了解原子由电子、质子和中子这三种基本粒子构成，并深入探讨它们在原子内的分布和作用。 * **亚原子粒子：** * **电子 (electron)：** 由J.J. Thomson在研究气体导电性（产生阴极射线）和X射线时首次提出其存在。 * **质子 (proton)：** * **中子 (neutron)：** * 质子和中子构成原子核，共同被称为**核子 (nucleons)**。 * **原子核 (nucleus)：** 原子核非常小，但包含了原子的绝大部分质量，其中包含质子和中子。 * **质量数 (mass number)：** 指原子核中质子和中子的总数。 * **粒子质量与电荷：** * 质子和中子质量近似相等，约为1 amu（原子质量单位）。 * 电子的质量约为质子或中子的1/1836，其质量在近似计算中可以忽略。 * 电子和质子带有等量但异号的电荷。 * 中子不带电荷。 * **原子光谱与化学性质：** 探索原子光谱的特征及其与各种原子化学性质的关系。 * **放射性研究：** 了解Becquerel、Curie夫妇和Rutherford等科学家在放射性研究中对电子存在性的贡献。 本课程将帮助您建立对原子基本构成和性质的清晰认识，为进一步学习化学和物理学打下坚实基础。
Atom was considered as the smallest particle up to 19th century. A series of experiments were performed to explore the structure of atom. We shall discuss the structure of an atom and study the characteristics of atomic spectra and chemical properties of various atoms. An atom is made up of three subatomic particle electron, proton & neutrons. These three particle are called fundamental particle of matter.The size of nucleus of atom is very small in which neutron and protons are present so the entire mass of the atom is situated in nucleus. Protons and neutrons present in the nucleus are collectively termed an nucleons. Number of neutrons is called mass number of the element.The neutron and proton have approximately equal masses of 1 amu and the electron is about 1836 times lighter; its mass can sometimes be neglected as an approximation. The electron and proton have equal, but opposite, electric charges; the neutron is not charged. The electron and proton have equal, but opposite, electric charges; the neutron is not charged. The existence of electrons in atoms was first suggested, by J.J. Thomson, as a result of experimental work on the conduction of electricity through gases at low pressures, which produces cathode rays and x-rays, and a study of radioactivity by Becquerel, the Curies and Rutherford.
