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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/physical-demands-in-early-childhood/
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课程名称：儿童早期的身体需求 课程概述：本课程旨在探讨儿童早期发展的身体需求，包括生长、成熟、学习及准备状态等重要概念。 首先，生长是指个体的身体特征变化，包括身长、体重和体型的增大。生长是个体在量的维度上随时间变化的结果，涵盖了从胎儿期的细胞增殖到出生后按月或按年发生的身体结构变化。 其次，成熟是指生物体由于遗传结构与环境的相互作用而产生的生物变化。只有当生物体达到足够的成熟度，才能进行特定行为的学习和执行。例如，儿童需要先具备必要的肌肉成熟度才能学会正确握笔。 学习是发展中的另一个重要概念，是个体通过与他人互动获取知识和技能的过程。学习导致的行为变化通常是持久的，环境的支持对儿童获取新行为至关重要。 准备状态则涵盖个体在新学习情境下的所有先决条件，包括年龄、发育、成熟度、态度、动机和健康状况。试图教导尚未准备好的儿童，可能会造成其行为上的永久性负面影响。 最后，发展原则表明人类发展遵循特定的规则。教育工作者如果能够理解这些原则，将更有可能成功实现教育目标。 本课程将通过对这些关键概念的深入分析，帮助家长和教育工作者更好地理解儿童早期发展的身体需求。
GrowthGrowth is used for the physical characteristics of individuals and refers to the physical changes of the organism. In this respect, lengthening of the individual, increase in weight, and enlargement of the body are included in the concept of growth. Development and growth should not be confused. For example, a person's body grows and his mind develops.Growth is the change in the physical structure of the individual in the quantitative dimension that occurs over time. Cell proliferation in the prenatal period and changes in the physical structure according to months or years after birth are the result of growth. Growth is age-related changes.MaturationMaturation is the biological changes seen in a living thing as a result of the interaction of the genetic structure of the individual with the environment. In short, it is the organism's growth to a level where it can do a job.Unless an organism has reached sufficient maturity to achieve a certain behavior, it cannot learn that behavior or perform it properly. For example, unless the child's finger muscles reach the required level of maturity, we should teach him to hold a pencil with external influences. In order for the organism to perform some of the functions expected of it, it must reach a certain maturity. A child who has just learned to hold a pencil cannot be expected to write properly. No matter how many walking exercises we do before the child's muscle and bone structure is mature enough, the child cannot learn to walk. Maturation is quite independent of environmental factors. The influence of the environment does not affect maturation under normal conditions. Children learn to walk when stimulus deprivation is not intense in environmental conditions. Human biological equipment is programmed for walking behavior.Maturation is a spontaneous process. A fruit doesn't need to make an effort to mature. The maturation of a person likewise occurs over time. When a behavior is requested from the child, it is necessary to know in advance whether the maturation required for that behavior has taken place. It is important that parents and educators know the maturity level of the child. A parent who wants the child to write properly should consider whether the child's finger muscles have reached the writing maturity.LearningOne of the most important concepts of development is learning. Learning is essential for the development of the individual. People acquire certain knowledge and skills with the help of others. The knowledge and skills gained are the result of the interaction of the individual with his environment. As a result of this interaction, each of the permanent traces that occur on the individual creates the lives of the individual. It includes permanent changes in behavior as a result of learning, repetition and experience. There are three important elements in this definition.¬Learning is a change in behavior that is good or bad.¬Learning can occur through experience or practice.¬Behavior change as a result of learning is a very permanent change.What is essential in learning is behavior that has a very permanent quality. The support of the environment is important for the child to acquire a new behavior. In order for a child to write properly, he must first be able to hold the pen properly and reach a certain level of maturity. Even if maturation occurs, it is necessary for the child to learn by being helped by someone else. If the individual is able to learn as a result of the effort he puts into that subject, although he does not have any skills or knowledge, then learning has taken place here.ReadinessReadiness encompasses all of the pre-existing characteristics of an individual in a new learning situation. The age, development, maturity level, attitude, motivation and health status of the individual are the factors that are effective in the new learning environment. Trying to teach a child who is not ready to learn about a life can leave some permanent and negative behaviors in the child. Readiness is the person's readiness to show a certain behavior as a result of maturation and learning. In order for a life to be learned at the desired level, the person who will learn the subject must have the basic pre-experiences required by that subject. As well as the age and development of a child who has reached school age, the motivation of his attitude towards school determines his school readiness. For example, the child who will learn to do diving should both reach the maturity to comprehend the features of diving tools, be ready to learn and have the basic knowledge and skills necessary for diving. Trying to teach a child who is not ready to learn about a life can leave some permanent negative behaviors in the child.Development PrinciplesResearches and observations in the field of development show that development occurs according to certain rules. If people dealing with education know these relationships, they will be more successful in realizing their goals. It is possible to list these principles, which are valid for everyone in human development, as follows.
