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**课程名称：含氮有机化合物** **课程概述：** 本课程主要介绍胺类化合物，将其视为氨分子中一个、两个或全部三个氢原子被烷基或芳基取代后的衍生物。根据取代氢原子的数目，胺类可分为伯（1°）、仲（2°）或叔（3°）胺。 **课程内容重点：** 1. **脂肪族胺的命名：** * **通用命名法：** 通过在“胺”前加上相应烷基名称来命名。混合仲胺或叔胺则视为以最大烷基为主链的伯胺的N-取代衍生物。例如，CH3NH2命名为甲胺，(CH3)2NH命名为二甲胺，CH3NHC2H5命名为甲乙胺。 * **IUPAC命名法：** 脂肪族伯胺命名为“烷胺”，即以相应烷烃名称去掉末尾的“e”并加上后缀“胺”。 2. **芳香族胺的命名：** * 最简单的芳香族胺是苯胺，IUPAC名称为苯胺。大多数芳基胺都以苯胺衍生物进行命名，但也有一些具有特殊名称。 3. **胺的结构：** * 胺中的氮原子是sp3杂化，呈金字塔形。由于氮原子上存在孤对电子，C-N-E（E代表C或H）键角略小于109.5°。 * 在芳香族胺中，由于孤对电子与苯环共轭，碳氮键具有部分双键性质，因此芳香族胺中的C-N键比脂肪族胺中的C-N键短。 **核心概念：** 胺是氨的衍生物。
Amines may be regarded as derivatives of ammonia in which one, two or all three hydrogen atoms have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups.Amines are designated as primary (1°), secondary (2°) or tertiary (3°) according as one, two or three hydrogen atoms in ammonia molecule have been substituted by alkyl or aryl groups.Nomenclature of Aliphatic Amines.(i) Common System. Aliphatic amines are named by prefixing alkyl group to amine. Mixed secondary or tertiary amines are named as N-substituted derivatives of the largest group of primary amine. For example, CH3NH2 is named as methylamine, (CH3)2NH is namzed as dimethylamine and CH3NHC2H5 is named as methylethylamine.(ii) IUPAC System. Aliphatic primary amines are named as alkanamines by removing the final "e" of the name of parent alkane and adding the suffix 'amine'.Nomenclature of Aromatic Amines. The simplest aromatic amine is aniline, IUPAC name is benzenamine. Most of the aryl amines are named as derivatives of aniline although some of them are given special names also.3. Structure of Amines. Nitrogen orbitals in amines are sp3 hybridized and amines have a pyramidal shape. Due to the presence of a lone pair of electrons on N atom, C-N-E (where E is C or H) bond angle is slightly lesser than 109.5°.In aromatic amines, because of the electron pair, nitrogen can conjugate with the benzene ring giving carbon nitrogen bond with double bond character. Thus the C-N bond in aromatic amines is shorter than that in aliphatic amines.Amines are derivatives of NH3.
