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Coursera：基础口腔外科课程：从 A 到 Z 第一部分 本课程涵盖了口腔外科的基础知识，重点关注以下几个方面： 1. **颅神经系统**： * 介绍了十二对从大脑发出的颅神经。 * 列出了每对颅神经的名称及罗马数字编号。 * 详细分类了颅神经： * **感觉性颅神经**：嗅神经 (I)、视神经 (II)、前庭蜗神经 (VIII)。 * **运动性颅神经**：动眼神经 (III)、滑车神经 (IV)、外展神经 (VI)、副神经 (XI)、舌下神经 (XII)。 * **混合性颅神经**：三叉神经 (V)、面神经 (VII)、舌咽神经 (IX)、迷走神经 (X)。 2. **局部麻醉的并发症**： * **由麻醉药物引起的局部并发症**：感染、局部组织刺激、注射时疼痛。 * **由针头插入引起的局部并发症**：注射时疼痛、针头断裂、感染、水肿、血肿、张口受限（trismus）、面神经麻痹、软组织损伤（组织坏死）、麻醉后口腔内病变、长时间麻醉或感觉异常（paresthesia）。 * **全身并发症**：药物过量、肾上腺素过量、过敏反应、特异质反应、晕厥（血管迷走性发作/昏厥）。 * **血管迷走性晕厥（Vasovagal syncope）**：解释了其发生机制，即在触发因素（如看到血液）下，控制心率和血压的神经系统功能紊乱，导致心率减慢，血管扩张，血压下降，脑部血流减少而昏厥。常见触发因素也包括在内。
Cranial nervesTwelve nerve pairs, called cranial nerves, project from the brain.Each nerve has a specific name and is designated by a Roman numeral. Names of cranial nerves1. Olfactory nerve2. Optic nerve3. Oculomotor nerve4. Trochlear nerve5. Trigeminal nerve6. Abducent nerve7. Facial nerve8. Vestibulocochlear nerve9. Glossopharyngeal nerve10. Vagus nerve11. Accessory nerve12. Hypoglossal nerve Classification of cranial nervesSensory cranial nerves: contain only afferent (sensory) fibers 1- Olfactory nerve 2- Optic nerve 8- Vestibulocochlear nerveMotor cranial nerves: contain only efferent (motor) fibers 3- Oculomotor nerve 4- Trochlear nerve 6- Abducent nerve 11- Accessory nerve 12- Hypoglossal nerveMixed nerves: contain both sensory and motor fibers-- 5- Trigeminal nerve, 7- Facial nerve, 9- Glossopharyngeal nerve 10- Vagus nerve local Complications Due to solution1- infection2- local tissue irritation3- pain on injection local Complications Due to Needle insertions1- pain on injection.2- Needle breakage.3- infection.4- edema.5- hematoma.6- trismus.7- facial nerve paralysis.8- soft tissue injury ‘' sloughing of issue ".9- post-anesthetic intra-oral lesions.10- prolonged anesthesia or paresthesia. systemic Complications in Local Anesthesia1- Over-dose2- Epinephrine over-dose3- Allergy4- idiosyncrasy5- fainting "vasovagal attack, syncope " Causes Vasovagal syncope occurs when the part of your nervous system that regulates heart rate and blood pressure malfunctions in response to a trigger, such as the sight of blood. Your heart rate slows, and the blood vessels in your legs widen (dilate.) This allows blood to pool in your legs, which lowers your blood pressure. Combined, the drop in blood pressure and slowed heart rate quickly reduce blood flow to your brain, and you faint. Sometimes there is no classical vasovagal syncope trigger, but common triggers include:
