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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/kingdom-fungi/
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课程名称：真菌王国 (Kingdom Fungi) 课程概述： 本课程将深入探讨真菌界，这是一个庞大且多样化的生物群体。真菌的大小差异极大，从直径小于5微米的简单酵母细胞，到直径可达1米的大型复杂子实体，再到分布范围超过800公顷的弥散性菌落。 “真菌”一词涵盖了各种形状、类型和生活史的生物，包括单细胞、多细胞、共质体、球形、丝状、简单、复杂、运动、静止、寄生、共生、腐生、微观以及宏观的生物，这使得对其进行准确定义变得困难。 通常，真菌被定义为“不含叶绿素的真核生物，因此是异养生物，具有以下特征：单核或多核，通过吸收营养，通常具有几丁质细胞壁，减数分裂发生在合子内，并且通过己二酸合成赖氨酸”（Alexopoulos et al., 1996）。 真菌下设五个真正的门：壶菌门 (Chytridiomycota)、接合菌门 (Zygomycota)、子囊菌门 (Ascomycota)、担子菌门 (Basidiomycota) 和球囊菌门 (Glomeromycota)。而“半知菌门” (Deuteromycota) 是一个非正式的分类群体，包含形态各异但共有一个共同特征的真菌——它们仅进行无性繁殖。 课程将通过实例展示真菌的普遍性，例如面包上的黑点、作为食品和发酵产品（如啤酒和面包）生产中使用的蘑菇和酵母细胞。此外，还将讨论真菌在人类健康方面的影响，如常见的皮肤感染和其他真菌疾病。 通过观察，我们可以发现真菌的生长环境通常是湿润且温暖的。因此，本课程将强调真菌在潮湿温暖的环境中具有较强的生长能力。
The kingdom Fungi is a large, diverse group of organisms that range in size from simple yeast cells of less than 5 μm in diameter, up to complex fruiting bodies that may reach 1 m in size, and to diffuse colonial organisations that are reported to exist over areas of more than 800 Ha (Anon, 1992; Barnard, 2000).The word ‘fungus' is used to cover a huge range of shapes and types of cellular, coenocytic, spherical, filamentous, simple, complex, mobile, immobile, parasitic, symbiotic, saprophytic, microscopic, and macroscopic organisms, which makes any attempt at definition difficult. Fungi commonly are defined as "chlorophyll-lacking eukaryotes, and hence heterotrophic, with the following characteristics: uni- or multinucleate, nutrient absorption, typically chitinous cell walls, meiosis takes place within a zygote, and lysin synthesis takes place via adipicamine acid" (Alexopoulos et al., 1996).Fungi contain five true phyla including Chytridiomycota, the Zygomycota, the Ascomycota, the Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota. The Deuteromycota is an informal group of unrelated fungi that all share a common character - they use strictly asexual reproduction.To name a few - the appearance of black spots on bread left outside for some days, the mushrooms and the yeast cells, which are commonly used for the production of beer and bread are also fungi. They are also found in most skin infections and other fungal diseases.If we observe carefully, all the examples that we cited involve moist conditions. Thus, we can say that fungi usually grow in places which are moist and warm enough to support them.
