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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/hydrocarbons-b/
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**课程名称：** 碳氢化合物 (Hydrocarbons) **课程概述：** 本课程主要介绍由碳和氢两种元素组成的化合物——碳氢化合物。这类化合物主要来源于石油、天然气和煤。 **课程内容：** 1. **碳氢化合物的分类：** * 根据结构分为**脂肪族 (aliphatic)** 和**芳族 (aromatic)** 两大类。 * 脂肪族碳氢化合物进一步细分为： * **饱和烃 (saturated):** 烷烃 (alkanes) * **不饱和烃 (unsaturated):** 烯烃 (alkenes) 和炔烃 (alkynes) * **脂环族 (alicyclic):** 环烷烃 (cycloalkanes) 2. **烷烃 (Alkanes) 详解：** * **定义：** 最简单的有机化合物，仅由碳和氢原子组成，含有碳-氢 (C-H) 和碳-碳 (C-C) 单键。 * **特点：** * 不含官能团。 * 形成同系物，通式为 CnH2n+2 (n 为碳原子数)。 * 因所有碳原子上的单键都被饱和，故又称饱和烃。 * 在常规实验室条件下反应活性较低，被称为“石蜡”（paraffins，拉丁文意为“活性很小”），但在剧烈条件下可发生反应。 * 每个碳原子均为 sp3 杂化，形成四面体结构。 * **同分异构：** * 烷烃存在链同分异构。 * 甲烷、乙烷和丙烷（烷烃系列的前三个）不表现同分异构。 * 从丁烷开始，随碳原子数增多，同分异构体的数量迅速增加。
The compounds made up of only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. They are obtained mainly from petroleum, natural gas and coal.Hydrocarbons are broadly classified into two main categories - aliphatic and aromatic The aliphatic hydrocarbons are further classified as saturated (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes) and alicyclic (cycloalkanes) hydrocarbons.Alkanes are the simplest class of organic compounds.They are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only and contain two types of bonds, carbon-hydrogen (C-H) and carbon-carbon (C-C) single covalent bonds. They do not have functional groups. Alkanes form a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n + 2, where n is the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Alkanes are also known as the saturated hydrocarbons as all the four single covalent bonds of each carbon in their molecules are fully satisfied or 'saturated.' These hydrocarbons are relatively unreactive under ordinary laboratory conditions, but can be forced to undergo reactions under drastic conditions. It is for this reason that they are called paraffins (Latin, parum affinis = little activity).Each carbon atom in alkanes is sp3 hybridized. The four sp3 hybrid orbitals are used in making four sigma bonds giving a tetrahedral structure.Alkanes exhibit chain isomerism. The first three hydrocarbons of the series viz., methane, ethane and propane do not exhibit isomerism. All higher hydrocarbons show chain isomerism and the number of isomers goes on increasing rapidly with the increase in the number of carbon atoms.
