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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/game-theory-how-cooperation-and-competition-work/
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课程名称：博弈论：合作与竞争的运作机制 课程概述：在日常生活中，我们经常会思考为何人们难以合作，无法为经济繁荣和安全而共同努力，为什么无法团结一致应对环境恶化等问题。与此形成鲜明对比的是，在人类进化研究中，中心问题即人类为何相比其他生物如此善于合作。大多数灵长类动物群体中竞争是常态，而人类形成了复杂的合作体系。人类的生活是在社会中进行的，社会互动的性质在很大程度上决定了我们个人生活的结果。社会科学、经济学和管理学的一个中心问题是人们如何相互互动，以及由此产生的合作与冲突的结构。 社会互动是一种极其复杂的现象，涵盖了友谊、贸易伙伴关系、浪漫关系、市场竞争、国家间战争等几乎无尽的互动类型。数千年来，我们一直试图通过研究个体的性质来寻找人类为何合作或相互冲突的答案。然而，还有另一种提问方式，即关注代理人互动的系统结构，探讨这种系统的内在结构如何创造出应运而生的结果。这种系统的研究称为博弈论。 博弈论是对适应性代理人之间相互依赖情境的正式研究，涉及由此产生的合作与竞争动态。代理人可以是个人、团体、社会组织，也包括生物生物体或技术。从20世纪中期起，博弈论已经成为经济学、管理研究、心理学、政治科学、人类学、计算机科学和生物学等领域研究人员的主流工具。然而，20世纪中期发展的经典博弈论的局限性如今已为人所知。 本课程将向您介绍经典博弈论的基础知识，并明确指出这种模型的局限性。我们将在此基础上介绍新发展的领域，如进化博弈论和网络博弈论，这些领域试图扩展核心框架。 课程分为四个主要部分： 1. 第一部分概述博弈论，介绍游戏的表示模型、游戏的不同元素以及影响游戏性质和结构的各种因素。 2. 第二部分探讨非合作博弈，介绍研究竞争性战略互动的经典博弈论工具，以纳什均衡为核心概念，展示这种互动的动态及解决非合作博弈的各种形式规则。 3. 第三部分关注合作主题，探讨社会合作的本质，并在一些流行模型（如社会困境、公共资源悲剧及公共物品博弈）中探讨这些理念，最后讨论通过建立合作结构来解决社会困境的方法。 4. 最后一部分、关于博弈随时间变化演变的演化博弈论，讲述博弈论如何推广到时间上交互的整个代理人群体，以创建不断变化的动态，同时引入网络博弈论，帮助建模在相互依赖的网络背景下进行的博弈。 本课程是博弈论的温和入门，旨在让所有人都能接触到。与传统的博弈论课程不同，本课程不以经典博弈论的形式和寻找纳什均衡为重点，而是利用这一建模框架，推理现实世界中合作与竞争的动态。
As we watch the news each day, many of us ask ourselves why people can't cooperate, work together for economic prosperity and security for all, against war, why can't we come together against the degradation of our environment? But in strong contrast to this, the central question in the study of human evolution is why humans are so extraordinary cooperative as compared with many other creatures. In most primate groups, competition is the norm, but humans form vast complex systems of cooperation. Humans live out their lives in societies and the outcomes to those social systems and our individual lives is largely a function of the nature of our interaction with others. A central question of interest across the social sciences, economics, and management is this question of how people interact with each other and the structures of cooperation and conflict that emerge out of these. Of course, social interaction is a very complex phenomenon, we see people form friendships, trading partners, romantic partnerships, business compete in markets, countries go to war, the list of types of interaction between actors is almost endless. For thousands of years, we have searched for the answers to why humans cooperate or enter into conflict by looking at the nature of the individuals themselves. But there is another way of posing this question, where we look at the structure of the system wherein agents interact, and ask how does the innate structure of that system create the emergent outcomes. The study of these systems is called game theory. Game theory is the formal study of situations of interdependence between adaptive agents and the dynamics of cooperation and competition that emerge out of this. These agents may be individual people, groups, social organizations, but they may also be biological creatures, they may be technologies. The concepts of game theory provide a language to formulate, structure, analyze, and understand strategic interactions between agents of all kind. Since its advent during the mid 20th-century game theory has become a mainstream tool for researchers in many areas most notably, economics, management studies, psychology, political science, anthropology, computer science and biology. However, the limitations of classical game theory that developed during the mid 20th century are today well known. Thus, in this course, we will introduce you to the basics of classical game theory while making explicit the limitations of such models. We will build upon this basic understanding by then introducing you to new developments within the field such as evolutionary game theory and network game theory that try to expand this core framework. In the first section, we will take an overview of game theory, we will introduce you to the models for representing games; the different elements involved in a game and the various factors that affect the nature and structure of a game being played. 2. In the second section, we look at non-cooperative games. Here you will be introduced to the classical tools of game theory used for studying competitive strategic interaction based around the idea of Nash equilibrium. We will illustrate the dynamics of such interactions and various formal rules for solving non-cooperative games. 3. In the third section, we turn our attention to the theme of cooperation. We start out with a general discourse on the nature of social cooperation before going on to explore these ideas within a number of popular models, such as the social dilemma, tragedy of the commons and public goods games; finally talking about ways for solving social dilemmas through enabling cooperative structures. 4. The last section of the course deals with how games play out over time as we look at evolutionary game theory. Here we talk about how game theory has been generalized to whole populations of agents interacting over time through an evolutionary process, to create a constantly changing dynamic as structures of cooperation rise and fall. Finally, in this section we will talk about the new area of network game theory, that helps to model how games take place within some context that can be understood as a network of interdependencies. This course is a gentle introduction to game theory and it should be accessible to all. Unlike a more traditional course in game theory, the aim of this course will not be on the formalities of classical game theory and solving for Nash equilibrium, but instead using this modeling framework as a tool for reasoning about the real world dynamics of cooperation and competition.
