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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/from-ancient-to-modern-philosophy/
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课程名称：从古代到现代哲学 课程概述：该系列讲座按照时间顺序覆盖西方哲学家的主要观点，从前苏格拉底哲学家开始，直至二十世纪的哲学家。未来会增加更多课程内容。讲师是一位热爱哲学的学生，乐于与他人讨论和分享这些思想。本课程没有测验或作业，目前已有16小时的讲座。 尽管前苏格拉底哲学家的著作仅有少量片段流传至今，但我们仍然能够追溯他们思想的发展，从“存在”和“变革”的世界开始，最终以德谟克利特的“原子与虚无”结束，这被认为是现代化学的基础。之后，斯多亚派、犬儒派和享乐主义者在希腊和罗马繁盛，发展出伦理体系并建立在早期思想家的基础上。柏拉图在此时撰写的《理想国》对哲学的影响巨大，我们对此书的理念进行了详细探讨。亚里士多德是柏拉图的学生，但他发展出了不同的形而上学体系，托马斯·阿奎那高度赞赏他的观点，并对其进行修改以支持自己的基督教信仰。 接下来，我们研究了现代政治哲学的奠基人尼科洛·马基雅维利和霍布斯的作品。现代哲学之父勒内·笛卡尔发展了一种理性主义，对数学和科学革命产生了巨大影响。笛卡尔、斯宾诺莎和柏拉图的理性主义认为，所有知识的主要来源在于演绎推理；而英国经验主义者（培根、洛克、贝克莱、休谟）则认为知识仅通过感官获得。培根和洛克主张必须有一个真实世界导致我们的感知（现实主义），而贝克莱则认为我们的感知就是我们所拥有的一切（唯心主义）。康德创建了一个新的体系，称为“先验唯心主义”，以试图解决现实主义者和唯心主义者之间的争论。 叔本华是康德有关时间和空间思想的崇拜者，但他提出康德的“物自身”在某种意义上是可知的，并将“意志”视为“物自身”。尼采将叔本华的“意志”转变为“权力意志”，而弗洛伊德则把它视为“快乐的意志”。进入二十世纪，海德格尔的出现开启了存在主义的新纪元。
This series of lectures covers the main claims of western philosophers in chronological order, starting with the pre-Socratics and ending with twentieth century philosophers. More and more lessons will be added in the future; I am a passionate student of philosophy who enjoys discussing and sharing these ideas with others. There are no quizzes or assignments on this course, but there are 16 hours of lectures (so far).Even though only a few fragments have survived from the writings of the pre-Socratics, we can still trace a logical development in their thought, which began with the worlds of being and becoming, and ended with the 'atoms and void' of Democritus, which is arguably the basis of modern chemistry. The stoics, the cynics, and the Epicureans flourished in Greece and Rome in a later period, developing ethical systems and building on the ideas of earlier thinkers. Plato wrote his 'Republic' at around this time, which has had a bigger impact than any other philosophical work, so we go through the ideas of this book in great detail. Aristotle was the student of Plato, but he developed a different metaphysical system. His system was greatly admired by Thomas Aquinas, who modified his ideas to support his own Christian beliefs. Two philosophers, Machiavelli and Hobbes, are perhaps the founders of modern political philosophy, so we examine their work next. The father of modern philosophy, Rene Descartes, developed a form of rationalism and had a tremendous influence on both mathematics and the scientific revolution. The rationalism of Descartes, Spinoza, and Plato argued that the chief source of all knowledge was to be found in deductive reason; in contrast, the British empiricists (Bacon, Locke, Berkeley, Hume) claimed that the only source of knowledge was obtained via the senses. While Bacon and Locke asserted that there must be a real world that causes our perceptions (realism), Berkeley contended that our perceptions are all we have (idealism). Kant created a new system, which he called 'transcendental idealism', in an attempt to deal with the arguments of the realists and idealists. Schopenhauer was a great admirer of Kant's ideas on time and space, but he suggested that Kant's famous 'thing-in-itself' was knowable in some sense, and he identified 'the will' as being the 'thing-in-itself'. Nietzsche took Schopenhauer's 'will' and turned it into the 'will to power', while Freud considered it a 'will to pleasure'. In the twentieth century, Heidegger arrived, ushering in a new age of existentialism.
