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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/environmental-history-of-india-pakistan-and-bangladesh/
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本课程《印度、巴基斯坦和孟加拉国的环境史》是环境研究的基础。课程将印度次大陆视为一个整体，强调其独特的地理位置（北部喜马拉雅山脉，南部海岸线）对其环境演变的深远影响。 课程从印度河流域文明开始，探讨河流变迁和水资源枯竭如何导致人口迁移。接着，我们将目光转向恒河平原，这里是雅利安人定居的场所，并由此发展出梵语与吠陀文明。课程还将涉及佛教和耆那教的兴起，以及它们如何逐渐影响了印度教文化。 随后，课程将分析中亚征服者和不同统治者对印度造成的民族多样性影响。我们将看到西方传教士瓦斯科·达·伽马的到来，以及葡萄牙人引入的土豆和番茄等外来物种。阿拔斯王朝对印度海岸的穆斯林商人提供了支持，而突厥和蒙古统治者（如帖木儿和莫卧儿王朝的巴布尔）则建立了德里苏丹国。 课程还将重点关注早期环境运动，例如拉贾斯坦邦比什诺伊社区为保护树木而反抗莫卧儿王朝的斗争。英国东印度公司对印度森林资源的开发，以及为保护森林而制定的法律，也将是讨论的重点。1857年印度民族起义后，英国统治加强，由于种族主义和剥削，激起了印度人民的反抗，最终导致1947年印度独立。然而，印度的分裂加剧了因饥荒和干旱而本已脆弱的局面。 课程最后将探讨独立后为保护环境而制定的一系列环境改革和立法。
Environmental history is one of the basic prerequisite to understand the environmental studies. Many distinguished historians and authors have tried to write their viewpoints about the historical perspective of enviroment in India. Indian subcontinent is looked in its entirety because of its natural boundary of Himalays in the North and Sea shores in the South. Such a strategic location is rarely found elsewhere and this has blessed Indian subcontinent to evolve very differently. Indus valley civilization marks the beginning of the environment history where people got displaced due to shifting rivers and drying water resources. Ganga valley provided shelter to the Aryans from Central Asia whereas Dravids migrated and settled to far south. With various clashes of clans residing in Central Asia, a branch speaking Devnagri or language of the Gods evolved into Sanskrit speaking Vedic civilization. With its mystical means of transmitting unwritten knowledge, Vedic culture preserved its knowledge but lost its past because no monuments could be found related to Vedas. Late Vedic period saw the emergence of Budhhism and Jainsim which did not last long and slowly modified Vedic culture known as Brahminical culture came to flourish. This culture coopted many things from Buddhism and Jainism and influenced the belief system of forest dwellers in South India, Deccan and Dravid. With downfall of Vedic counties or Mahajanapads and attack from different rulers of Central Asia, ethnic diversity increased in India. Portuguese sailor Vaso-da-Gama first landed in India and later Portuguese merchants brought with them many exotic species like potato and tomato in India. Abbasid caliphates supported Muslim traders in Indian coasts. Later Turks and Mongols like Babar who patronised Islam established Delhi Sultanate in India. They conquered far south and far west but later succumbed to British policies like Doctrine of Lapse and advanced military weapons. First environment movement occured against Mughal ruler in Rajasthan led by Bishnoi community which resisted tree cutting by the kingsmen and laid their lives. Britishers under East India company exploited the Indian forest natural resources for developing roads, railways and monuments. They brought in many legislations to protect forest from local people. With 1857 revolt, British Raj was established under the Queen. Due to racism and exploitation, increased resentment against British in India forced them to declare independence in 1947. But, the partition of India ravaged the already reeling situation due to famines and drought. Post independence, many environmental reforms and legislations were brought in with time to protect the environment. Lets see what are these events.
