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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/business-economics-supply/
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课程名称：商业经济学 - 供应 课程概述：供求理论 第三单元：供应 在本单元结束时，您应能够： 1. 解释供应的含义。 2. 列出并具体说明供应的决定因素和供给弹性。 3. 描述供应法则。 4. 描述供应曲线的移动和供应曲线的 shifting 之间的区别。 5. 解释供给弹性的概念并举例说明。 6. 阐明如何利用供需概念确定价格。 总结： - 供应是指在特定时间、特定价格下，所提供的商品（或产品）的数量。供应始终与价格相关。 - 除了自身价格外，供应的决定因素包括相关商品价格、生产要素价格、技术状态、政府政策及其他因素。 - 供应法则指出，当商品价格上涨时，相应的供应量增加；当价格下降时，供应量也会减少，价格与供应量之间存在正相关关系。 - 供应曲线反映了供应量与价格之间的关系，呈上升趋势，显示价格与供应量之间的正关系。 - 当商品价格上涨导致供应量增加时，我们称之为供应量增加，表现为供应曲线上向上的移动；相反，当商品价格下降时，情况则正好相反。 - 供给弹性表示供应对商品价格变化的响应程度，可以分为完全无弹性、相对无弹性、相对弹性、单位弹性和完全弹性。 - 供给弹性的测量分为两种类型：点弹性和弧弹性。 - 供给弹性可以参考供应曲线上某一点（点弹性）或两点之间（弧弹性）。 - 供给弹性的一般决定因素包括：随着产出变化的成本变化、生产过程的复杂性、时间周期、生产者数量、竞争程度、市场进入壁垒、备用生产能力的可用性、关键原材料和投入品的可用性、要素替代和流动的便利性以及对未来价格的预期。 - 均衡价格是买卖双方需求都得到满足的价格。在这个价格下，买家想购买的数量与卖家想销售的数量相等。 - 生产者福利的增益称为生产者剩余，即生产者在销售一单位商品时，所获得的收益超过其生产该单位商品的成本。这发生在他们在市场上获得的价格超过他们愿意供应的最低价格时。 - 在均衡价格下，当市场达到均衡时，社会效率得以实现，生产者和消费者享有最大的社会剩余。
Theory of Demand and SupplyUNIT - 3: SUPPLYAt the end of this Unit, you should be able to: 1. Explain the meaning of supply. 2. List and provide specific examples of determinants of supply and elasticity of supply. 3. Describe the law of supply. 4. Describe the difference between movements on the supply curve and shift of the supply curve. 5. Explain the concept of elasticity of supply with examples. 6. Illustrate how the concepts of demand and supply can be used to determine price.SUMMARY• Supply means the quantity of goods (or commodities) offered for sale at a particular price at a certain point of time. Supply always relates to price. • The determinants of supply other than its own price are: prices of the related goods, prices of factors of production, state of technology, government policy and other factors. • The law of supply states that when the price of the good rises, the corresponding quantity supplied increases and when the price reduces, the quantity supplied also reduces. There is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. • The supply curve establishes the relationship between the amount of supply and the price. It is an upward sloping curve showing a positive relationship between price and quantity supplied. • When the supply of a good increases as a result of an increase in its price we say that there is an increase in the quantity supplied and there is an upward movement on the supply curve. The reverse is the case when there is a fall in the price of the good. • Elasticity of supply means the responsiveness of supply to change in the price of the commodity. • The elasticity of supply can be classified in to perfectly inelastic supply, relatively less-elastic supply, relatively greater-elastic supply, unit-elastic and perfectly elastic supply. • The measurement of supply-elasticity is of two types- point elasticity and arc-elasticity.• Elasticity of supply can be considered with reference to a given point on the supply curve (point elasticity) or between two points on the supply curve (arc elasticity). • The general determinants of elasticity of supply are change in costs as output changes, complexity of production processes, the time period, number of producers and degree of competition, barriers of entry into the market, availability of spare production capacity, availability and stocks of key raw materials and inputs, the ease of factor substitution and mobility and expectations about future prices • Equilibrium price is one at which the wishes of both the buyers and the sellers are satisfied. At this price, the amount that buyers want to buy and sellers want to sell will be equal. • The welfare gain to producers is producer surplus, which is the benefit derived by producers from the sale of a unit above and beyond their cost of producing that unit. This occurs when the price they receive in the market is more than the minimum they would be prepared to supply for. • At equilibrium price, when the market is in equilibrium, social efficiency is achieved with maximum social surplus to both producers and consumers enjoying maximum possible surplus..
