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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/business-economics-meaning-and-types-of-markets/
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这门Coursera课程《商业经济学——市场含义与类型》旨在帮助学习者理解经济学中的市场概念及其不同类型。课程将深入探讨以下核心内容： 1. **市场的经济学含义：** 解释在经济学中，市场是如何定义和理解的。 2. **四大基本市场类型的特征：** 详细描述在经济分析中常用的四种基本市场类型（如完全竞争、垄断、垄断竞争、寡头垄断）的关键特征。 3. **市场类型的现实案例：** 提供真实的商业案例，用以具体说明这四种市场类型的运作。 4. **市场行为原理：** 解释驱动这些不同市场运作的基本行为原则。 课程总结部分强调： * **商品定价：** 经济品因稀缺性而具有价格，与免费品不同，经济品可以在市场中交换并产生价格。价格是商品货币价值的体现。 * **市场定义：** 市场被定义为商品或服务买卖的整个安排过程，其中买卖双方就商品价格进行协商。 * **市场要素：** 一个市场包含买者、卖者、产品或服务、价格协商、市场信息以及在特定时间内的统一价格。 * **市场分类：** * **按区域：** 地方市场、区域市场、全国市场、国际市场。 * **按时间：** 极短时期（市场期）、短期、长期、极长期（长期）或世俗期。 * **按交易性质：** 现货市场、期货市场。 * **按监管：** 受管制市场、不受管制市场。 * **按交易量：** 批发市场、零售市场。 * **按竞争类型：** 完全竞争市场和不完全市场（包括垄断、垄断竞争、寡头垄断）。 * **收益概念：** 课程还介绍了总收益（Total Revenue）、平均收益（Average Revenue）和边际收益（Marginal Revenue）的概念，以及它们与需求价格弹性之间的关系。 * **企业决策：** 课程讨论了企业在不同情况下的生产决策，包括何时应考虑停产（当价格低于平均可变成本时）以及如何实现利润最大化（当边际收益等于边际成本时）。
PRICE DETERMINATION IN DIFFERENT MARKETSUNIT -1: MEANING AND TYPES OF MARKETSAt the end of this Unit, you should be able to: 1. Explain the Meaning of Market in Economics. 2. Describe the key Characteristics of the Four Basic market Types Used in Economic Analysis. 3. Provide Explicit Real Examples of the Four Types of Markets. 4. Explain the Behavioural Principles Underlying these Markets.SUMMARY5. Economic goods are scarce in relation to their demand and have an opportunity cost. Unlike free goods, they are exchangeable in the market and command price. 6. Price connotes money-value i.e. the purchasing power of an article expressed in terms of money. 7. Value in exchange or exchange value, according to Ricardo, means command over commodities in general, or power in exchange over purchasable commodities in general. 8. Market is the whole set of arrangements for buying and selling of a commodity or service. Here buyers and sellers bargain over a commodity for a price. 9. The elements of a market are: buyers and sellers, a product or service, bargaining for a price, knowledge about market conditions and one price for a product or service at a given time. 10. Markets are generally classified into product markets and factor markets. 11. The factors which determine the type of market are: nature of commodity, size of production and extent of demand. 12. Markets can be classified on the basis of area, time, nature of transaction, regulation, volume of business and types of competition. 13. On the basis of area: markets are classified into four i.e. local, regional, national and international. 14. On the basis of time: markets are classified into four i.e. very short period or market period, short period, long period and very long period or secular period. 15. On the basis of nature of transaction: markets are classified into spot market and future market. 16. On the basis of regulation: markets are classified into regulated and unregulated markets. 17. On the basis of volume of business: markets are classified into wholesale and retail markets. 18. On the basis of competition: On the basis of competition we have perfectly competitive market and imperfect market. The imperfect market is further divided into monopoly, monopolistically competitive market and oligopoly market. 19. Total revenue refers to the amount of money which a firm realizes by selling certain units of a commodity. 20. Average revenue is the revenue earned per unit of output. 21. Marginal revenue is the change in total revenue resulting from the sale of an additional unit of the commodity. 22. Marginal revenue, average revenue and price elasticity of demand are uniquely related to one another 23. MR = AR × [(e-1)/e] Where e = price elasticity of demand. 24. Total revenue will be maximum where elasticity is equal to one. 25. If a firm's total revenues are not enough to make good even the total variable costs, it is better for the firm to shut down. In other words, a competitive firm should shut down if the price is below AVC. 26. At the point of equality between marginal revenue and marginal cost, a firm will earn maximum profits.
