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所在平台: Udemy |
课程主页: https://www.udemy.com/course/biosafety-and-bioethics/
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课程名称：生物安全与生物伦理 课程概述： 本课程围绕生物安全和生物伦理这两个重要主题展开，探讨如何通过有效的生物安全措施，防止生物完整性的重大损失，兼顾生态与人类健康。生物安全的预防机制包括在实验室环境中定期进行生物安全评估及遵循严格的操作规范，旨在保护人们免受有害事件的影响。许多处理生物危害的实验室实施持续的风险管理评估与生物安全执行程序，未遵循这些协议可能导致生物危害或病原体暴露风险的增加。此外，人为错误和不当操作会使防护措施失效，增加潜在风险。 生物安全与多个领域密切相关： - 生态学：涉及跨生态区域引进的生物形式。 - 农业：降低外来病毒或转基因基因的风险、食品细菌污染等。 - 医学：包括生物来源的器官或组织、基因治疗产品及病毒等，实验室的隔离协议按危险性分为1至4级。 - 化学：如水中硝酸盐和PCB对生育力的影响。 - 外星生物学：NASA有关外星微生物的防护政策。 - 合成生物学：涉及这一实验室实践所面临的风险。 生物伦理则是一门探讨与健康相关伦理问题的学科，着重关注生物、医学和技术进步所引发的新伦理问题。它旨在引导社会讨论道德判断（何为“好”或“坏”的决定及其原因），经常与医疗政策和实践相关，同时还涉及环境、福祉和公共健康等更广泛的问题。生物伦理考察生命科学、生物技术、医学、政治、法律、神学及哲学之间的伦理关系，并研究与初级医疗、医学其他分支、科学伦理教育、动物与环境伦理及公共健康等相关的价值观。 生物伦理作为专业实践领域，起源于1980年代和1990年代的北美，最初集中在临床/医学伦理和研究伦理，随着时间推移，逐渐国际化，并扩展到医疗系统中的组织伦理、公共健康伦理及人工智能伦理等领域。专业伦理学者可能被称为顾问、伦理学家、协调员或分析员，他们可能在医疗组织、政府机构以及公私部门工作，既可以是全职员工，也可以是独立顾问，或与学术机构（如研究中心或大学）有交叉任职。 此外，生物伦理领域也建立了多种国家和国际学术团体与专业协会，如美国生物伦理与人文学会、加拿大生物伦理学会、加拿大研究伦理委员会协会、国际生物伦理协会等。
Biosafety prevents large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health. These prevention mechanisms include the conduction of regular biosafety reviews in laboratory settings and strict guidelines to follow. Biosafety is used to protect from harmful incidents. Many laboratories handling biohazards employ an ongoing risk management assessment and enforcement process for biosafety. Failures to follow such protocols can lead to an increased risk of exposure to biohazards or pathogens. Human error and poor technique contribute to unnecessary exposure and compromise the best safeguards for protection.Biosafety is related to several fields:In ecology (referring to imported life forms from beyond ecoregion borders),In agriculture (reducing the risk of alien viral or transgenic genes, genetic engineering, or prions such as BSE/"MadCow", reducing the risk of food bacterial contamination)In medicine (referring to organs or tissues of biological origin, genetic therapy products, viruses; levels of lab containment protocols measured as 1, 2, 3, 4 in rising order of danger),In chemistry (i.e., nitrates in water, PCB levels affecting fertility)In exobiology (i.e., NASA's policy for containing alien microbes that may exist on space samples. See planetary protection and interplanetary contamination), andIn synthetic biology (referring to the risks associated with this type of lab practice)Bioethics is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in ethical issues related to health (primarily focused on the human but also increasingly includes animal ethics), including those emerging from advances in biology, medicine, and technologies. It proposes the discussion about moral discernment in society (what decisions are "good" or "bad" and why) and it is often related to medical policy and practice, but also to broader questions such as environment, well-being, and public health. Bioethics is concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, theology, and philosophy. It includes the study of values relating to primary care, other branches of medicine ("the ethics of the ordinary"), ethical education in science, animal, and environmental ethics, and public health.Bioethics as a field of professional practice (although not a formal profession) developed initially in North America in the 1980s and 1990s, in the areas of clinical/medical ethics and research ethics. Slowly internationalizing as a field, since the 2000s professional bioethics has expanded to include other specialties, such as organizational ethics in health systems, public health ethics, and more recently Ethics of artificial intelligence. Professional ethicists may be called consultants, ethicists, coordinators, or even analysts; and they may work in healthcare organizations, government agencies, and in both the public and private sectors. They may be full-time employees, independent consultants, or have cross-appointments with academic institutions, such as research centers or universities.Learned societies and professional associationsThe field of bioethics has developed national and international learned societies and professional associations, such as the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities, the Canadian Bioethics Society, the Canadian Association of Research Ethics Boards, the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, the Bangladesh Bioethics Society and the International Association of Bioethics
