Basic Practical Microbiology

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**课程名称:** 基础实用微生物学 (Basic Practical Microbiology) **课程概述:** 本课程将深入探讨细菌的基本形态、细胞壁结构、大小等特征。学习过程中,学生需要通过显微镜观察细菌。然而,未染色的细菌细胞在显微镜下几乎难以辨认。这如同在白板前放置一个透明玻璃杯,若不向杯中注染料,将无法看到杯子。细菌染色技术与之类似,而不同的研究目的需要采用不同的染色方法,例如革兰氏染色、孢子染色等。 **革兰氏染色:** 革兰氏染色法是基于细菌细胞壁成分的差异。根据细胞壁对结晶紫和碘复合物的亲和力不同,细菌可被分为革兰氏阳性菌或革兰氏阴性菌。这种分类对于细菌分类学至关重要,同时也有助于指导疾病的抗菌治疗方案。 **孢子染色:** 细菌在面对高温、辐射、酸性、盐度、干旱等恶劣环境条件时,会形成休眠的内孢子以求生存。内孢子在细菌生长进入稳定期时形成。因此,在食品和乳制品行业中,检测产孢细菌对于防止产品在保质期内发生腐败至关重要。由于内孢子的特殊结构,并非所有染色技术都适用于孢子染色,通常需要通过加热处理才能使染料渗透到细胞内部,具体操作将在课程中详细讲解。

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Studying of bacterial shape, cell wall, size, …. & so on, need to scope the bacteria under microscope. But you can not see any cells unless stain these cells, imagine that as a glass cup (cell) in front of white board (microscope field), you cannot see this cup unless pour a stain inside it. that is the same with bacterial staining and this cups (cell) differ in staining technique according to aim of study as simple stain, gram stain, spore stain, …. and so on.About gram stain: depending on bacterial cell wall composition, the ability of bacteria to accept crystal violet with iodine to be a gram positive or not. Dividing of bacteria to gram positive or gram negative is very important in bacterial taxonomy, also in determine the type of antibacterial treatment with diseases.For spore stain: bacteria form spores as a preservation tool for a live when exposure to environmental harsh conditions as high temperature, radiation, acidity, salinity, drought, …. and so on. Also, spores are forming within a stationary phase during bacterial growth. So it is necessary to detect spore forming bacteria in foods & dairy products to prevent spoilage through shelf life. Not any stain technique will be suitable with spore staining because it has to treat with heating to allow to stain enter in cells as you will see in lecture.

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