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Paper 3 - Financial accounting (A Level)3.1.1 Financial statementsCandidates should have an understanding of:• the need for and purpose of financial statements for specific types of business3.1.2 PartnershipsCandidates should have an understanding of:• goodwill and the difference between purchased goodwill and inherent goodwill• how to prepare partners' capital and current accounts to record changes required in respect of goodwill and revaluation of assets on:- a change in the partners' profit-sharing ratio- the introduction of a new partner- the retirement of an existing partner- the dissolution of a partnership• how to prepare the partnership appropriation account, statement of profit or loss and statement of financial position including changes in a partnership occurring part-way through an accounting year• how to prepare a realisation account and a revaluation account3.1.3 Clubs and societiesCandidates should have an understanding of:• the distinction between a receipts and payments account and an income and expenditure account• how to define and calculate the accumulated fund• how to prepare, from full or incomplete accounting records:- a receipts and payments account- accounts for trading and revenue-generating activities- a subscriptions account- an income and expenditure account- a statement of financial position• how to account for other receipts, including life memberships and donations• how to make adjustments to financial statements (as detailed in 1.5.1)• how to evaluate possible sources of finance and methods of fundraising3.1.4 Manufacturing businessesCandidates should have an understanding of:• how to prepare a manufacturing account, to differentiate between direct and indirect expenses and to include factory profit• how to prepare, for a manufacturing business, a statement of profit or loss and a statement of financial position• how to account for manufacturing profit and the elimination of unrealised profit from unsold inventory• the reasons why a business may account for manufacturing profit3.1.5 Limited companiesCandidates should have an understanding of:• how to prepare for a limited company in line with the relevant international accounting standards and legal requirements:- statement of profit or loss- statement of financial position- statement of cash flows- statement of changes in equity- schedule of non-current assetsCandidates are expected to use their understanding of the financial accounts of partnerships, clubs and societies, manufacturing businesses and limited companies to evaluate relevant information and make informed business decisions.3.2.1 International Accounting StandardsCandidates should have an understanding of:• the main provisions of each of the following International Accounting Standards (IAS):- IAS 1 Presentation of financial statements- IAS 2 Inventories- IAS 7 Statement of cash flows- IAS 8 Accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors- IAS 10 Events after the reporting period- IAS 16 Property, plant and equipment- IAS 36 Impairment of assets- IAS 37 Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets- IAS 38 Intangible assets3.2.2 Ethical considerationsCandidates should have an understanding of:• the need for an ethical framework in accounting• the fundamental principles of:- integrity- objectivity- professional competence and due care- confidentiality- professional behaviour• how the ethical behaviour of accountants and auditors impacts the business and other stakeholders• the social implications of decision-making3.2.3 Auditing and stewardship of limited companiesCandidates should have an understanding of:• the role and responsibilities of the auditor• the differences between an external audit and an internal audit• the difference between a qualified and unqualified audit report• stewardship and the role of directors and their responsibilities to shareholders• the importance of a true and fair view in respect of financial statementsCandidates are expected to use their understanding of ethical considerations and auditing to evaluate relevant information and make informed business decisions3.3.1 Business acquisition and mergerCandidates should have an understanding of:• the nature and purpose of the merger of different types of businesses to form a new business entity• how to prepare journal entries and make entries in the relevant ledger accounts to record the:- merger of two or more sole trader businesses to form a partnership or a limited company- merger of a sole trader's business with an existing partnership to form a new partnership- acquisition of a sole trader's business or partnership by a limited company• how to calculate the value of goodwill on the acquisition of a business by another entity• how to prepare statements of profit or loss and statements of financial position for the newly formed business entity following the acquisition or merger, for example the limited company acquiring the partnership• the advantages and disadvantages of the acquisition or mergerCandidates are expected to use their understanding of business acquisition and merger to evaluate relevant information and make informed business decisions3.4.1 Computerised accounting systemsCandidates should have an understanding of:• the process of transferring the business accounts to a computerised accounting system• ways in which the integrity of the accounting data can be ensured during the transfer to a computerised accounting systemNote: Knowledge of specific applications or software is not required.3.5.1 Analysis and communication of accounting informationCandidates should have an understanding of:• how to calculate the following ratios:- working capital cycle (in days)- net working assets to revenue (sales)- interest cover- gearing ratio- earnings per share- price/earnings ratio- dividend per share- dividend yield- dividend coverNote: Candidates must use the formula given in the appendix to section 3. These are the only formulae accepted in candidate responses.• how to analyse and evaluate the results of the ratios and draw conclusions• how to make appropriate recommendations to stakeholders on the basis of the analysis undertaken• the interrelationships between ratiosCandidates are expected to use their understanding of the calculation and evaluation of ratios to make informed business decisions using relevant information4 Cost and management accounting4.1.1 Activity based costingCandidates should have an understanding of:• the application of activity based costing (ABC)• the uses and limitations of ABC• what is meant by a cost driver• how to use ABC to:- identify the appropriate cost driver- apportion and allocate overheads- calculate the total cost and selling price of a unit• the effect of different methods of overhead absorption on cost and profit• how to apply ABC costing techniques to make business decisions and recommendations using supporting data4.2.1 Standard costingCandidates should have an understanding of:• the meaning of a system of standard costing in an organisation• the advantages and disadvantages of a standard costing system• how standard costing can be used as an aid to improve the performance of a business• how to calculate the following variances:- direct material price and usage- direct labour rate and efficiency- fixed overhead expenditure and volume- fixed overhead capacity and efficiency sub-variances- sales price and volume• possible causes of favourable or adverse variances and their relationship to each other• how to make business decisions and recommendations using supporting data• the significance of non-financial factors4.3.1 Budgeting and budgetary controlCandidates should have an understanding of:• the advantages and disadvantages of a budgetary control system to an organisation• the advantages and disadvantages of preparing budgets using spreadsheets• what is meant by a master budget• how to prepare the following budgets:- sales- production- purchases- labour- trade receivables- trade payables- cash- budgeted statement of profit or loss- budgeted statement of financial position• the effect of limiting factors on the preparation of budgets• the benefits of flexible budgeting over fixed budgeting• how to prepare a flexible budget statement• possible causes of differences between actual and flexible budgeted data• how to prepare a statement reconciling the flexible budgeted cost of production with the actual cost of production• how to prepare a statement reconciling the flexible budgeted profit with the actual profit• how to make business decisions and recommendations using supporting data• the behavioural aspects of budgeting, including targets, incentives and motivation• the significance of non-financial factors4.4.1 Investment appraisalCandidates should have an understanding of:• future net cash inflows and outflows arising from the project• how to apply the following capital investment appraisal techniques:- payback- accounting rate of return (ARR = (average profit / average investment) × 100)- net present value (NPV)- internal rate of return (IRR)• the advantages and disadvantages of these capital investment appraisal techniques• how to make investment decisions and recommendations using supporting data• the significance of non-financial factorsNote: Questions on discounted payback will not be set.Note: Questions involving a residual value of an investment at the end of a project will not be set

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