开始时间: 04/22/2022 持续时间: 7 weeks
所在平台: CourseraArchive 课程类别: 数学 大学或机构: Koç University 授课老师: 其他 |
课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/course/multivar
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The course develops the concepts of derivatives and integrals of functions of several variables, and the tools for doing the relevant calculations. The course is designed with a “content based” approach, i. e. by solving examples, as much as possible from real life situations. The “why” and “where“ of the topics are discussed, as much as the “what” and the “how”. The answers to the latter are the “definitions” and “proofs”, while the answers to the first two tell the reason for studying a topic, and the areas where such ideas are used.
The transfer of knowledge through an organized deductive process plays an important role in mathematics (Aristotelian approach). An interactive communication between the teacher and the student through posing questions and answering them leads to an effective method (Socrates’ method). The design of this course will benefit from the latter whenever feasible.
Why do we study derivatives and integrals? Because derivatives express change, and integrals define the cumulative results of many inputs. Change and growth through time or space are two basic aspects of life. Change is expressed with the difference between two situations, and the cumulative result of many inputs is an additive process. Thus basically, calculus is an extension of what we all learn as early as first grade as addition and subtraction. Calculus enables us to define and calculate instantaneous changes and growth by continuously varying inputs. Instantaneity of the changes and variability of the inputs are handled by infinitesimal quantities. The final results are obtained in the limit where the infinitesimal changes become zero. The limit is the central concept of calculus.
A function defines the relationship between the inputs, which are the independent variables, and outputs which are the dependent variables. The ratio of the infinitesimal changes in the dependent variable to those of the independent variable leads to the concept of the “derivative”. Similarly, the cumulative outputs of entities such as matter, energy, area, surface, volume, etc. are calculated by the sum of the dependent variable weighted by the changes in the independent variable. This operation leads to the concept of “integral”. Just like in Grade One, where we observed that addition and subtraction are the inverses of each other, so are integral and derivative. This complementarity between the derivative and integral is expressed by the two “fundamental theorems of calculus”. All this is studied in the “Calculus of Single Variable Functions”.
Why multivariables? Because real life problems involve several variables. Our environment is defined by three space variables and phenomena evolve in terms of a fourth which is time. People- made phenomena require many more variables. The course offered here is built on the knowledge of calculus of single variable functions and extends the concepts and techniques to multivariable functions. The concepts and techniques are, in most cases, natural extensions and generalizations from those in single variable functions. Hence, each topic will start the review of the fundamental concepts and calculation techniques from the calculus of one variable functions. This review is an opportunity to supplement what a student missed in the earlier course on single variables, while advancing into relevant problems from real life that involve more than one variable.
(Source: Attila Aşkar, Calculus of Multivariable Functions, Volume 2 of the set of Vol1: Calculus of Single Variable Functions, Volume 3: Linear Algebra and Volume 4: Differential Equations. All available online starting on January 6, 2014)Week One
Concepts for functions as input – output, mapping, graph and transformation. A classification of multivariable functions. Lines and surfaces in space. Vector fields. Representations as explicit, implicit and parametric functions. Cartesian and polar coordinates in the plane. Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates in space.
Week Two
Preparation on vector algebra. Review of definition and operations of addition, multiplication by a scalar, dot product and vector product in two dimensions and their geometric meaning. Extension of these operations to three dimensions and triple products and geometric meaning. Straight lines and planes in space.
Weeks Three and Four
Space curves through the calculus of vector functions with two and three dependent variables and one independent variable. Examples of space curves. Curvature, unit tangent and normal vectors for planar curves. Arc length, unit tangent, normal and binomial vectors, curvature and torsion of space curves. Applications to trajectories in space to calculate velocity and acceleration.
Week Five
Basic quadratic surfaces in 3-Dimensional space through scalar functions of two variables. General methods for qualitative drawing of surfaces with perspective views, level curves and cuts. Cylindrical surfaces and surfaces of revolution; Create awareness of computer plots showing examples with the usage of software such as Mathematica, Matlab, Ghostview
Week Six
Review of derivatives and integrals in functions of one variable. Extensions from one variable case to functions of two variables: definitions of partial derivatives and double integrals. The meaning of partial derivatives and double integral. Elementary examples using these concepts to calculate partial derivatives and double integrals.
Weeks Seven, Eight and Nine
Techniques of differentiation of scalar functions of two variables with applications from engineering, physical and social sciences. Equation of the tangent plane, the concept of differential. Chain rule for composite functions. Directional derivative. Gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian. Introducing the four basic equations of the physical sciences: the wave equation, diffusion equation, Laplace equation and Schrodinger equation. Taylor polynomials and series. Minimum- maximum problems in local, absolute and constrained contexts. Optimization problems using Lagrange multipliers. Formal extensions of the above from two to three and “n” variable functions.
Weeks Ten, Eleven and Twelve
Techniques of integration of scalar functions of two and three variables with applications from physical and social sciences. Unified view of the calculation of arc length, double integrals for planar areas, and surfaces in space; triple integrals for calculating volumes in space. Examples of calculations with Cartesian and polar coordinates. Coordinate transformation in the plane and space. Use of Jacobian for calculating infinitesimal area, surface and volume.
Weeks Thirteen and Fourteen
Differentiation and integration of vector fields in two and three components as functions of two and three independent variables. Line integrals, path dependence and independence. Green’s theorems in the plane. Formal extensions of the two planar Green’s theorems respectively to space as Gauss’ divergence theorem and Stokes theorem. Applications to calculate line integrals, show the relation between line integrals and work done. Applications to calculate surface areas and volumes using the Green’s, Gauss’ and Stokes theorems. Demonstration of the use of these theorems to derive the conservation laws for mass, electrical charge and heat conduction.
Ders çok değişkenli fonksiyonlarda türev ve entegral kavramlarını geliştirmek ve bu konulardaki problemleri çözme yöntemlerini sunmaktadır. Ders gerçek yaşamdan gelen uygulamaları da tanıtmaya önem veren “içerikli yaklaşımla” tasarlanmıştır.