Relativism

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课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/archive/relativism

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Relativism is an ancient philosophical doctrine which has recurred time and again in the history of philosophy. It has also transcended the boundaries of that discipline, for it has shaped much of the methodology in anthropology and sociology, as well as in critical theory and literary studies. While often advocated for its supposed tolerance of differences, relativism has profound consequences for how we think of reality, for the possibility of knowledge, both in the factual and in the moral domain, and may engender the practice of double standard. If a wind is hot for me and cold for you and none of us is at fault, does this mean that reality is always perspectival, or that it admits of contradictory descriptions? If a belief turns out to be justified when evaluated within a certain epistemic system (such as religion, for instance), while it turns out to be unjustified if assessed from within a different one (science, say), does relativism undermine the very possibility of knowledge? If an action can be morally permissible within an ethical system and not so within a different one, does that challenge the idea that there are moral truths and moral progress? These are some of the questions we will engage in during the course, while considering examples taken from the history of science, such as the Bellarmine-Galileo dispute, and from everyday life. This course is aimed at anyone who is interested in learning more about philosophy, along with those who are looking for strategies to combat extremism in their communities. Using these approaches, no matter what your skill levels in topics you would like to master, you can change your thinking and change your life. In this course, learners will: Explore the concept of Relativism Discuss the role of Relativism in contemporary society Identify common responses to Relativism Compare/Contrast various forms of Relativism Recognize how epistemic relativism can be used to explain important events in the history of science and crucial discoveries in anthropology Create a presentation with your personal perspective on one of the forms of relativism

相对主义:相对主义是一种古老的哲学学说,在哲学史上屡次出现。它也超越了该学科的界限,因为它塑造了人类学和社会学以及批判理论和文学研究的许多方法论。相对主义虽然经常被认为是对差异的宽容,但它对我们如何看待现实,在事实和道德领域对知识的可能性都产生了深远的影响,并可能引发双重标准的实践。 如果对我来说风很热,对您来说风很冷,而我们每个人都没有过错,这是否意味着现实始终是透视性的,或者它承认矛盾的描述?如果在某种认知系统(例如宗教)中对一种信念进行证明是合理的,而在另一种认知系统(例如科学)中进行评估却发现它是不合理的,相对论是否会破坏这种可能性?知识?如果一项行为在道德体系内在道德上是允许的,而在另一种道德体系内不是,那么这是否挑战了道德真理和道德进步的观念?这些是我们在课程中将涉及的一些问题,同时考虑从科学史中获取的例子,例如Bellarmine-Galileo之争以及日常生活中的例子。 本课程针对那些对哲学有更多了解的人,以及正在寻找与社区中的极端主义作斗争策略的人。使用这些方法,无论您想掌握什么主题的技能水平,都可以改变想法并改变生活。 在本课程中,学习者将: 探索相对主义的概念 讨论相对主义在当代社会中的作用 确定对相对主义的普遍回应 比较/对比各种相对主义 认识到认知相对论如何用于解释科学史上的重要事件和人类学的重要发现 用您的个人观点对相对论形式之一进行演示

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