Space Exploration

所在平台: Coursera

课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/learn/space-exploration

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课程简介

课程名称：太空探索 课程概述：本课程提供了欧洲在宇航和机器人探索领域的活动概述。在欧洲空间局（ESA）“Terrae Novae”探索战略的背景下，将考虑月球和火星探索的科学目标、技术挑战、探索领域的潜在商业机会，以及长期宇航任务在低地球轨道及更远领域的生理方面。 课程模块内容： 1. **太空探索导论**：探讨人类如何扩展对太阳系的理解，寻找生命存在的证据。课程强调欧洲在月球回归及持续存在的角色，以及寻找火星上生命迹象的可能性。 2. **欧洲探索战略**：介绍欧洲空间局（ESA）的探索活动背景，包括探索的动机、ESA的战略目标及其当前策略，以及Terrae Novae计划的框架。 3. **地月运输架构**：本模块分为三部分，讨论月球的重要性、地月系统的重要节点以及现有架构的性能，看看欧洲如何在国际月球探索中发挥更大作用。 4. **就地资源利用（ISRU）**：讨论在长远探索中利用太空资源的必要性及其流程，强调在月球和火星附近的应用潜力，以及可能的衍生应用，如小行星采矿和太空太阳能。 5. **地球的月球：邻近的星球**：回顾月球的探索历程，从首次探测到阿波罗计划的成就，分析月球对了解早期太阳系的重要性，并展望未来的探月任务。 6. **火星任务与研究的现状**：提供关于过去、正在进行和即将开展的火星任务的综合概览，探讨科学知识的当前状态及样本采集的进展。 7. **商业化：ESA促进太空经济增长的方法**：分析商业化在推动ESA太空探索计划中的角色，讨论商业采购机制、受太空探索影响的市场以及商业化的广泛利益与风险。 8. **长期太空飞行的医学方面**：研究太空环境对身体系统的影响和应对策略，探讨应对未来深空探索（如月球或火星）中增加的压力因素的新方法。 本课程为学生提供了欧洲在太空探索中的角色、目标和技术挑战的全面视角，并探讨了太空探索的商业和医学影响。

课程大纲

Name:Introduction to Space Exploration

Description:Exploring our solar system is about expanding the boundaries of our understanding and specifically finding the proof that life might have emerged on other planets. We are witnessing a decade in which humans will return to the surface of the Moon to prepare for a sustainable presence, with a strong and visible role for Europe. We might eventually find evidence of past or current life on our neighboring planet Mars. This course gives an insight into strategic, scientific and technological activities related to these two destinations.

Name:European Exploration Strategy

Description:In this module, the context of the European Space Agency exploration activities will be introduced, including the drivers and reasons for exploration. You will learn about the international context of space exploration, ESA’s strategic objectives and current strategy, and the programmatic framework of Terrae Novae (ESA’s European Exploration Envelope programme). We will also look at the future evolution of the European strategy and programme.

Name:Earth-Moon Transportation Architectures

Description:This module consists of three parts covering the following topics: 1. Principles - Why is the Moon important, and what are “basic principles”? The Moon’s role as a gateway into the solar system is a consequence of celestial mechanics and the current state of engineering. Given the need to “stage”, i.e., to split a space transportation system into different phases, in between which the vehicles are ejected, refilled, combined, or otherwise re-configured, the rocket equation and achievable performance in structure and propulsion systems of the vehicle determine the achievable benefit. We discuss how to apply basic principles and why they are also important in the end-to-end development of an architecture. 2. Destinations - What is the strategic high ground in cis-lunar space, and how do we get there? The gravitational field of the Earth-Moon system offers a rather complex playing field for the optimization of launch windows, transfers, and staging strategies. We investigate several key points in this gravitational field: LEO, LLO, and Earth-Moon libration points. 3. Programmes - How do current architectures perform, and what can Europe contribute? How do existing capabilities (Ariane 6, SLS, Starship) perform within an Earth-Moon exploration architecture? We compare the approaches and performances in a meaningful manner. We find that Europe can do more in the frame of international Moon exploration initiatives, if basic principles are properly applied and combined with programmatic knowledge.

Name:ISRU - Enabling sustainable space exploration

Description:This module discusses the relevance, resources, availability, and processes of using materials found in space to enable long-term exploration of our solar system. Initially, the need for in situ resource utilization (ISRU) is highlighted and a broad introduction is given. The course then mainly focuses on how ISRU can be beneficial in the near-term exploration context with emphasis on the Moon and Mars, highlighting resources on these bodies and showcasing techniques to utilize them. Finally, more advanced applications, such as asteroid mining, and further applications, such as space based solar power, are briefly discussed.

Name:Earth's Moon: the "planet next door"

Description:The Moon, with the Sun, is the most prominent object in the sky and Earth’s direct neighbor. Observation has been limited to telescopes until the beginning of the age of spaceflight. 1959, the Moon was visited for the first time by a space probe, culminating ten years later in Neil Armstrong’s famous »giant leap. « Twelve astronauts walked on the lunar surface and contributed tremendously to the scientific harvest. The Apollo program was way more than a victory in a politically motivated space race. 382 kilograms of lunar rocks returned to Earth by the six successful missions, and plenty of experimental data, opened a »window to the early Solar System«. The analyses were fundamental in understanding the origin and evolution of terrestrial bodies. Many questions, though, remained unanswered, and new questions arose. Therefore, new projects, are in preparation to return to the Moon, and soon astronauts, too. There will be exciting missions in the years to come; and with it: science.

Name:Current Status of Mars Missions and Research

Description:This presentation provides a comprehensive chronological overview of past, ongoing, and forthcoming Mars missions, which encompass exploration through orbiters, landers, and rovers. We will delve into the current state of scientific knowledge about Mars and learn about the datasets that scientists have utilized to acquire this information. Additionally, we will take a closer look at the sample collection from the Martian surface. By exploring the past and present missions, we aim to gain insights into the progress made in our understanding of Mars and its unique features. As we peer into the future, the presentation will elucidate upcoming missions, revealing the strategic endeavors planned to further unravel the mysteries of our neighboring planet.

Name:Commercialisation: ESA approach for stimulating the growth of an in-space economy

Description:This module addresses the role of commercialization in delivering the ESA Space Exploration Programmes and accelerating the space exploration process in general. It is subdivided into three learning modules: Commercial Service Procurements for Space Exploration, Markets enabled by Space Exploration and Commercialisation Policy, Benefits and Risks. It provides an overview of different types of commercial procurement mechanisms, identifies markets that are impacted by Space Exploration, and explains the broader benefits and risks of commercialization. Concrete examples of ESA and NASA commercial procurement approaches are provided as well as an explanation of the broader role of Space Agencies in growing the commercial space exploration sector.

Name:Medical Aspects of Long-term Spaceflight

Description:Stress is regarded as the bodily response to all the physical, mental, or emotional pressures occurring in a living environment. In space, all body systems are affected by a myriad of strong stressors, summarized as the space exposome. Several studies have been performed in space and space-analogues to better understand the causal relationships between stress, stress overload and disease, and to thereby elaborate efficient personalized countermeasure strategies, with a mutual benefit for humans in space and on Earth. During future deep-space explorations to the moon or Mars, the intensity of space stressors will increase, which requires the further development of innovative mitigation strategies such as artificial gravity or hibernation.

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