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所在平台: Coursera |
课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/learn/natural-attenuation-of-groundwater-contaminants
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课程名称：地下水污染物的自然衰减：新范式、技术与应用 课程概述： 清理大量的地下水污染场所是一项复杂的环境挑战。环保行业持续寻求既有效又经济的修复方法。在过去十年里，我们对关键衰减过程和评估自然衰减过程的技术有了重要发展，同时也形成了发生监测自然衰减（MNA）应用的变化性机构视角。尽管如此，恢复因人为源污染的地下水以便于无障碍使用仍然是一项挑战。由于活性原位清理技术的复杂物理、化学和生物约束，长期以来人们一直关注理解促使地下水污染羽流衰减的自然过程。 我们将基于基本的环境科学和环境工程原理，探索如何有效实施MNA作为地下水污染羽流的可行处理方法。此外，我们将探讨MNA技术的历史，并对其未来发展方向进行预测。 本课程将通过讲座、阅读材料和计算练习，提升对MNA的理解和实施能力。完成课程后，学生将掌握更新的知识和实用工具，可以应用于所有可能的MNA场所。 课程大纲： 1. 课程概述与MNA作为一种发展的技术 回顾地下水修复的历史和MNA的特定历史，讨论主动修复与MNA的区别以及新型MNA技术。 2. 生物降解原理 学习生物降解发生的条件，以及加快降解的环境条件。 3. 非生物降解原理 关注非生物降解原理，讨论支持监测自然衰减的过程，及其相关反应和矿物。 4. 低渗透区的衰减与储存 研究污染物在地质介质中的储存作为自然衰减机制，讨论扩散与分散的区别，并进行相关案例研究。 5. 稀释作为衰减过程 讨论稀释如何作为衰减过程，及其在监管项目中的接受度，介绍质量流量和质量排放的新兴领域。 6. 更好的技术：化合物特异性同位素与分子生物工具 探索生物降解过程的证据、化合物特异性同位素分析及其在MNA研究中的重要性。 7. MNA监测 讨论监测MNA的重要性，设计长期监测程序及如何分析浓度趋势。 8. 支持MNA的建模工具 讲解模型在理解MNA中的作用，包括分析型计算模型和复杂数值模型。 9. MNA的新方向 探讨最新的MNA工具和发展，包括自然源区耗竭、新方法及低威胁关闭和转型评估的动态。 本课程将为环保修复行业的专业人士提供深入的MNA研究，帮助他们更新知识和提高实际应用能力。
Name:Course Overview and MNA as an Evolving Technology
Description:Welcome to the course! In the Course Overview section, you will find general information about the course as well as instructions on how to navigate the course. In the lectures for this week, we will start with history. We look at a general brief history of groundwater remediation, and then a specific history of MNA featuring a list of the key protocols from 1994 to 2015. Special topics include active remediation vs. MNA, and Neat New MNA Technologies, and how degradation, storage, and dilution are all part of the MNA story.
Name:Biodegradation Principles
Description:In this series of lectures, we will learn when biodegradation can or cannot occur and what conditions are conducive to faster degradation.
Name:Abiotic Degradation Principles
Description:In this series of lectures, we will focus on the principles of abiotic degradation and discuss how these processes support monitored natural attenuation. You will be learning about the key reactions and minerals that are involved in abiotic degradation. We will also be covering what methods are used to determine if abiotic degradation is relevant at a particular site, and the rates at which these reactions may be occurring
Name:Attenuation and Storage in Low K Zones
Description:In these lectures, we will focus on the idea that storage of contaminants in geologic media as a potential natural attenuation mechanism. Under this scenario, certain contaminants diffuse in low permeability media such as silt, clay, and limestone and then eventually reenter the aquifer by a process called back diffusion. Like sorption, this process is not destructive, but attenuates a contaminant plume by sequestering some of the initial loading and then slowly releases it over long time scales. You will learn about diffusion vs. dispersion, see case studies in the lab and field, learn how to sample and model this process, and hear the latest research about degradation processes associated with matrix diffusion.
Name:Dilution as an Attenuation Process - Sometimes
Description:In this series of lectures, we will discuss how dilution is an attenuation process – sometimes. We start with the basics, and review groundwater flow and one of the “top ten things” that every hydrogeologist should know: the distinction between Darcy Velocity and Seepage Velocity. Next we give some examples of regulatory programs where dilution is considered an acceptable attenuation process. Then we present how dispersion and mixing in wells are dilution-related processes. Finally we show how the emerging field of mass flux/ mass discharge can be used to see if a contaminant plume is strong enough to impact water supply wells and/or streams, and to see where your plume ranks in the “Plume Magnitude Classification System.”
Name:Better Technologies: Compound Specific Isotopes & Molecular Biological Tools
Description:In this series of lectures, we will focus on several established and emerging methods for demonstrating that biological and other attenuation processes are occurring. We will start with an overview on lines of evidence for biological degradation processes, and then transition to newer molecular methods for identifying and quantifying biodegradation potential for a variety of compounds. Several of this week’s lectures also examine compound-specific isotope analysis, which has been emerging as a key resource for MNA studies. You will learn how stable isotope analyses can provide critical information on whether attenuation is occurring, the rate at which it is occurring, and even the pathway that is responsible.
Name:Monitoring for MNA
Description:In this series of lectures, we will discuss how you should perform the monitoring that is such an important part of monitored natural attenuation (after all, it’s right there in the title!). We start off with a discussion of how data are collected, including using newer high-resolution techniques, to help build a proper conceptual site model and support the selection of MNA as a remedy. Then we touch on how to design a long-term monitoring program to assess the performance of MNA. Methods for analyzing concentration trends and graphically presenting MNA data are also presented, along with a discussion of the potential sources of variability in monitoring data.
Name:Modeling Tools to Support MNA
Description:In this series of lectures, we talk about models and how they can be used to understand MNA. We first start with two key MNA questions: How Long? (will the plume get) and How Far? (how long until the site is clean). Then a review of analytical computer models, remediation timeframe models, the more complex but more powerful numerical models, and even a discussion of the “Fourth Paradigm: Big Data”.
Name:New Directions for MNA
Description:This final series of lectures will cover a mélange of interesting MNA topicsl We start with the brand new ESTCP BIOPIC tool, then talk about the broad universe of MNA that extends to a lot of different contaminant classes. Then some new developments in the LNAPL world: Natural Source Zone Depletion, both with conventional methods and a new method based on thermal monitoring. Then we talk a little bit about low threat closures and transition assessments, and end up with a brief conversation with the three instructors. And then you are done!
Cleaning up the large number of groundwater contamination sites is a significant and complex environmental challenge. The environmental industry is continuously looking for remediation methods that are both effective and cost-efficient. Over the past 10 years there have been amazing, important developments in our understanding of key attenuation processes and technologies for evaluating natural attenuation processes, and a changing institutional perspective on when and where Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) may be applied. Despite these advances, restoring groundwater contaminated by anthropogenic sources to allow for unrestricted use continues to be a challenge. Because of a complex mix of physical, chemical, and biological constraints associated with active in-situ cleanup technologies, there has been a long standing focus on understanding natural processes that attenuate groundwater contaminant plumes. We will build upon basic environmental science and environmental engineering principles to discover how to best implement MNA as a viable treatment for groundwater contamination plumes. Additionally we will delve into the history behind and make predictions about the new directions for this technology. Any professional working in the environmental remediation industry will benefit from this in-depth study of MNA. We will use lectures, readings, and computational exercises to enhance our understanding and implementation of MNA. At the completion of this course, students will have updated understanding and practical tools that can be applied to all possible MNA sites.
