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所在平台: Coursera |
课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/learn/metaphysics
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课程名称：现实的味道：形而上学入门 课程概述：这门课程引领学员探索形而上学的基本问题和观点，采用厨房中的食材和烹饪过程作为比喻。课程将涵盖八个模块，帮助学员逐步理解形而上学的复杂性。 模块1：形而上学基础 介绍形而上学的基本概念，探讨世界的“成分”和“食谱”，包括哪些实体存在以及它们之间的关系。 模块2：普遍性问题 探讨历史上最著名的形而上学问题——普遍性问题。模组分析物体与属性的区别，探讨属性是否为超越或内在的普遍性，或是可以减少为特定物体的类、相似性或抽象特性。 模块3：实体问题 讨论实体问题作为普遍性问题的相对概念。探讨如两个物体共享全部属性但如何区分它们，实体是否为无法承载属性的基础，还是简单的属性组合。 模块4：时间 探讨时间的流逝及其相关的形而上学问题，包括现存事物的存在、过去与未来的物体是否真实存在，以及时间的实在性。 模块5：因果关系 分析事件之间的因果关系及其必要性，探讨休谟对因果关系的讨论及其替代观点，包括因果关系的多样性。 模块6：持续性 研究物体在经历变化时如何保持同一性，比较四种关于持续性的观点，以忒修斯之船的经典难题为起点。 模块7：组成问题 探讨什么情况下物体组合成为整体的部分，并提出何时合成物体的标准的问题，分析不同的形而上学观点。 模块8：反应依赖性 讨论我们与独立于心智的世界之间的关系，探讨颜色和声音等属性作为反应依赖性是否存在，以及这些二级属性的范围。 总之，这门课程以创新的方式将形而上学的问题与日常生活的经验相结合，为学习者提供有趣且深入的思考路径。
Name:Metaphysics
Description:The introductory module explains what this thing called metaphysics is and what's it all about, namely: metaphysics is about all and everything. Furthermore, week 1 introduces ontology as the core of metaphysics, and explains its most fundamental methodological principles, like parsimony, and methodological tools, like Quine's method to determine one's ontological commitments.
Name:Universals
Description:The second module deals with the most famous and infamous problem in the whole history of metaphysics, i.e., the problem of universals. Whereas objects or 'particulars' can only be in one place at the same time, properties seem to be present in many places at the same time. This raises the question whether properties are, in contrast to particulars, transcendent or immanent 'universals'. Alternatively, properties can be reduced to classes of particulars, resemblances between particulars, or 'tropes', i.e., abstract particulars.
Name:Substance
Description:In more than one way, the problem of substance is the converse of the problem of universals. If two objects share all their properties, what individuates them from each other? And how do objects bear their properties? Does it take properties to be able to bear properties? Or if that quicks off an infinite regress, are substances propertyless substrata, naked substrata? Or mere bundles of properties, whether universals or tropes? Or still, are substances thick or thin particulars?
Name:Time
Description:We all think that we know that time passes. But there are some interesting metaphysical problems with time and its alleged passage. Firstly, do only objects and persons that exist now, really exist? Or also past objects and persons? Or perhaps even future objects and persons? Furthermore, is time real? Because, as McTaggart argues, if change is fundamental to time, the ordering of events in terms of past, present and future is, on the one hand, fundamental, and on the other hand, incoherent.
Name:Causality
Description:If one event causes another event, is there a relation of necessity between the two? Famously, Hume argued there was no natural necessity, and he proposed to reduce causation either to regularity or to counterfactual dependency. However, there are many objections and alternatives to Humeanism. Perhaps, causation is singular, simple or rather diverse.
Name:Persistance
Description:Objects can undergo changes and yet remain the same over time. They 'persist'. But what does that mean? What does it involve? In this module the conceptions and the arguments for and against 4 views about persistence are compared. Our starting point is the classic riddle of the Ship of Theseus.
Name:Composition
Description:The special composition question is the question when objects together become parts of a whole? Although it's intuitive that sometimes they do and sometimes they don't, it turns out to be notoriously difficult to pinpoint a criterion. That motivates numerous metaphysicians to argue for extreme answers: either that there are no composite objects at all, or that every single combination of disparate object constitutes a further, composite object.
Name:Response-dependence
Description:In the final module, our relation to the mind-independent world is at stake. Are certain properties, like colors and sounds, secondary qualities, meaning that they exist in the world merely as dispositions to trigger certain responses or experiences in us? And what is the scope of these secondary qualities, this response-dependency?
Speculative metaphysics is challenging, but this course will whet your appetite for it, because it explains fundamental metaphysical problems and views in terms of what you can find in your kitchen and what happens in it when you cook and enjoy food. Here are the 8 bites on the menu. - The first module 1 explains that metaphysics is about the ingredients and recipes of the world, i.e., which kinds of entities exist and how they relate to one another. - Modules 2 and 3 invite you to reflect on w
