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所在平台: Coursera |
课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/learn/general-chemistry
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课程名称：通用化学：概念发展与应用 课程概述：本课程涵盖一年两学期的通用化学课程的所有主题。我们将利用一部免费的在线教材《化学概念发展研究》，该教材可通过莱斯大学的Connexions项目获得。课程中的基础概念将通过莱斯大学开发的概念发展法引入。在这种方法中，我们将从实验观察和科学推理出发展出所需的概念，而不仅仅是告诉您概念并要求您记忆或应用它们。 使用这种方法的原因： 第一，许多人是归纳学习者，他们喜欢从特定的观察中进行概括。化学中的许多重要概念是违反直觉的。当我们看到这些概念的来源时，我们更容易接受、解释并应用它们。 第二，科学推理一般来说，以及化学推理尤其是归纳过程。概念发展方法展示了这些推理过程。 第三，这种方式更有趣！物质的结构和反应是迷人的谜题，通过观察和推理来解决这些谜题更有趣，而不仅仅是在开头就揭示答案。 推荐背景： 本课程适合没有化学基础的人士参加。然而，具有一定的化学基础会更有帮助，例如以前参加过高中化学课程。 参考阅读： 将会指定在线教材《化学概念发展研究》的阅读内容，另加建议参考任何通用化学的标准教材。一个特别好的免费在线资源是Dickerson、Gray和Haight的《化学原理》第三版。关于这两本教材的链接将在导入模块中提供。 课程大纲： 1. **介绍**：讲解课程采用的独特方法，强调基于实验观察和科学推理的发展化学基本概念。 2. **原子分子理论与原子质量**：研究物质由原子组成以及测量原子相对质量的实验。 3. **原子的结构与电子壳模型**：详细探讨原子的内部结构及电子在核外的排列模型。 4. **电子能量与轨道**：了解电子的能量是量子化的，学习电子运动的波动性质。 5. **共价分子的结合与结构**：研究非金属原子之间的共价结合和分子几何形状的预测。 6. **结合类型：非金属、金属与盐类**：扩展结合模型，介绍离子键和金属原子结合的特性。 7. **能量变化与反应能量**：测量化学反应中的能量转移，并理解能量变化的规律。 8. **理想气体法则与动能分子理论**：研究气体的物理性质及其与分子运动的关系。 9. **相变与相平衡**：观察物质的不同相态及其之间的转换和相互平衡。 10. **化学动力学**：研究化学反应速率及影响反应速率的因素。 11. **化学平衡**：介绍反应在平衡状态下的表现及平衡常数的应用。 12. **化学热力学**：理解化学反应的自发性，发展熵的概念以预测反应的自发性。 通过以上模块的学习，学生将深入了解化学的基本概念和原理，并掌握如何通过观察和逻辑推理来解析化学现象。
Name:Introduction
Description:This lecture will cover the unique approach used in this course to the introduction of the fundamental concepts of Chemistry. The Concept Development Study approach was created, implemented, developed and refined at Rice over the course of more than twenty years. In this pedagogy, each new concept is developed from experimental observations and scientific reasoning. By contrast, most introductory Chemistry courses simply present each concept as an accepted fact, without foundation. This is why most Chemical concepts seem abstract and unapproachable. The CDS approach has been shown to more effective for most beginning students. I hope that this opening lecture will pique your curiosity about how you might learn Chemistry in a way which is more effective and more fun.
Name:Atomic Molecular Theory and Atomic Masses
Description:Chemistry can be understood fundamentally as the study of atoms and molecules. In this module, we will examine the experiments which reveal that all matter is composed of atoms which combine to form molecules. The clever analysis of these experiments illustrates scientific reasoning at its finest, allowing us to understand the existence and properties of particles which could not be directly observed. In addition, by measuring the relative masses of the different types of atoms, we can begin to predict the ratios of masses of reactants and products during a chemical reaction.
Name:Structure of an Atom and the Electron Shell Model
Description:Proving the existence of atoms and knowing that they combine to form molecules does not provide a means to predict how or why these atoms might combine. This requires greater detail about the structure and properties of individual atoms. In this module, we extend our understanding of atoms by making observations which reveal the internal structure of the atom including a model for the arrangement of the electrons around the atomic nucleus.
Name:Electron Energies and Orbitals
Description:The electron shell model does not account for all of the observable properties of atoms, including the energies and motions of electrons. In this module, we observe that these energies are quantized. We also observe behaviors which reveal the surprising fact that electron motion is described by waves or “orbitals” which provide the probability for the movement of the electrons about the nucleus. This module takes us into the strange world of quantum mechanics.
Name:Bonding and Structures in Covalent Molecules
Description:To understand the types of compounds which can be formed and the properties of those compounds, we have to understand how atoms bond together to form molecules. In this module, we develop a model for the bonding of non-metal atoms to non-metal atoms, called a covalent bond. The model can be used to predict which combinations of atoms are stable and which are unstable. Observations of the structures of the molecules lead to a model to understand molecular geometries and properties related to those geometries. From this, we build a foundation for understanding and predicting how molecular structure is related to molecular reactivity and function.
Name:Types of Bonding: Non-Metals, Metals, and Salts
Description:In this module, we extend our model of bonding by observing properties of compounds formed between metals and non-metals. These properties reveal the existence of ionic bonds, which contrast to covalent bonds. We also consider the properties of pure metals and of metal compounds, leading to a model which explains the bonding between metals atoms. We develop a means to differentiate and predict the three types of bonding: covalent, ionic, and metallic.
Name:Energy Changes and Reaction Energies
Description:Chemical reactions involve energy changes, most commonly with the transfer of heat into or out of the reaction. Many chemical reactions are performed specifically because of the release of heat or other forms of energy. In this module, we develop a means to measure these energy transfers and we use these measurements to develop laws which govern energy transfers. These laws permit us to calculate and predict energy changes during reactions and to understand the energy of a reaction in terms of the energies of the bonds between atoms breaking and forming during a reaction.
Name:Ideal Gas Law and the Kinetic Molecular Theory
Description:One of the powers of chemistry is the ability to relate the properties of individual molecules to the physical and chemical properties of the compounds of these molecules. In other words, we want to relate the atomic molecular world to the macroscopic world of materials. We begin this study by observing the physical properties of gases and deriving an equation which relates these properties. From this law, we can devise a model which describes how these physical properties result from the properties and motions of individual molecules. Understanding the significance of temperature is a critical part of this study.
Name:Phase Transitions and Phase Equilibrium
Description:Substances can exist in different physical states, which we call “phases.” These include solid, liquid and gas. In this module, we study the transitions between these phases, which are observed to occur only at specific combinations of temperature and pressure. In addition, we observe that phases exist in equilibrium with one another at this specific temperatures and pressures. We develop from our observations a model to describe phase equilibrium using the concepts of the kinetic molecular theory deduced in the previous module.
Name:Chemical Kinetics
Description:Chemical reactions occur at very different rates, some occurring so slowly that we only notice them with great passing of time and some occurring explosively rapidly. In this module, we develop measurements of the rates of reaction, determining the factors which can make a reaction proceed more rapidly or more slowly. These observations are summarized in equations called Rate Laws, where each reaction has its own empirical rate law. By using kinetic molecular theory, we develop a model to understand how and why each factor in the rate law is important in determining the rate of a chemical reaction.
Name:Chemical Equilibrium
Description:Many chemical reactions are observed to “go to completion,” meaning that essentially all of the reactants are consumed in creating products within the constraints of the stoichiometry of the reaction. However, other chemical reactions do not go to completion. Rather, we observe that reactants and products can coexist simultaneously at specific observable concentrations or pressures. This equilibrium between reactants and products is observed to follow an equation called the equilibrium constant. In this module, we observe many examples of reactions at equilibrium, we measure their equilibrium constants, and we use these to make predictions about how to maximize the yield of chemical reactions. Included in these important reactions are those involving acids and bases.
Name:Chemical Thermodynamics
Description:One of the most subtle aspects of chemistry is in understanding the factors which make a chemical reaction favorable or unfavorable. In this module, we pursue this understanding by observing what makes a process “spontaneous,” and we develop the concept of entropy as a predictive tool for spontaneity. We observe the second law of thermodynamics, and from this, we develop a model for predicting chemical equilibrium based on a new quantity called the “free energy.” We conclude by relating the free energy to the equilibrium constant observed in a previous module, culminating in one of the most beautiful theories in all of science.
This course will cover the topics of a full year, two semester General Chemistry course. We will use a free on-line textbook, Concept Development Studies in Chemistry, available via Rice’s Connexions project. The fundamental concepts in the course will be introduced via the Concept Development Approach developed at Rice University. In this approach, we will develop the concepts you need to know from experimental observations and scientific reasoning rather than simply telling you the concepts and then asking you to simply memorize or apply them. So why use this approach? One reason is that most of us are inductive learners, meaning that we like to make specific observations and then generalize from there. Many of the most significant concepts in Chemistry are counter-intuitive. When we see where those concepts come from, we can more readily accept them, explain them, and apply them. A second reason is that scientific reasoning in general and Chemistry reasoning in particular are inductive processes. This Concept Development approach illustrates those reasoning processes. A third reason is that this is simply more interesting! The structure and reactions of matter are fascinating puzzles to be solved by observation and reasoning. It is more fun intellectually when we can solve those puzzles together, rather than simply have the answers to the riddles revealed at the outset. Recommended Background: The class can be taken by someone with no prior experience in chemistry. However, some prior familiarity with the basics of chemistry is desirable as we will cover some elements only briefly. For example, a prior high school chemistry class would be helpful. Suggested Readings: Readings will be assigned from the on-line textbook “Concept Development Studies in Chemistry”, available via Rice’s Connexions project. In addition, we will suggest readings from any of the standard textbooks in General Chemistry. A particularly good free on-line resource is Dickerson, Gray, and Haight, "Chemical Principles, 3rd Edition". Links to these two texts will be available in the Introduction module.
