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所在平台: Coursera |
课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/learn/erasmus-philosophy-skepticism
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课程名称：怀疑主义的政治 课程概述：本课程探讨了怀疑主义的历史，从古希腊时期到现代，特别关注质疑人类对世界和自我了解的能力的政治影响。课程内容涉及柏拉图与智者之间的辩论、基督教在罗马世界的兴起，以及文艺复兴时期的“怀疑危机”，同时讨论皮埃尔·贝叶尔与大卫·休谟的怀疑主义。此外，还将探讨自然法传统以及怀疑主义与保守主义之间的关系。 课程大纲： 1. **政治起源**：讨论柏拉图拒绝民主的历史和哲学背景，揭示其与怀疑主义的紧密联系，同时介绍卡尔·波普尔对柏拉图“极权”替代方案的批判。 2. **怀疑主义与宗教**：概述罗马哲学家对基督教的怀疑论辩论，及怀疑主义与基督教神学的关系，尤其是皮埃尔·贝叶尔如何将怀疑主义转化为对启示宗教的质疑基础。 3. **怀疑主义与自然法**：探讨早期现代自然法传统对怀疑主义的反作用，讨论格劳秀斯的努力，并分析大卫·休谟在18世纪如何将怀疑主义推向令人不安的结论。 4. **怀疑主义与保守主义**：关注怀疑主义与18世纪保守主义起源之间的关系，强调爱德蒙· Burke 对法国大革命的分析，同时关注怀疑主义作为批判圣经权威的进步力量的角色。 5. **“他的疯狂有其方法”：对笛卡尔怀疑主义的回应**：讨论笛卡尔对怀疑主义问题的定义及其重要性，并分析约翰·洛克、查尔斯·皮尔斯和约翰·奥斯丁对该问题的替代回应。 6. **可错性、偏见与宽容：来自皮隆怀疑主义的教训**：讨论怀疑主义是否提供足够的理由去除偏见并采纳宗教宽容，区分信仰与真理，并考察积极怀疑论者的态度：即真理存在，但我们的信仰依然是偏见。 7. **思想市场：对言论自由的想象性论证**：分析密尔关于“思想市场”的论证，强调思想自由竞争中真理的出现，探讨其怀疑主义假设和评估。 8. **怀疑的益处：政治中的批判性创造性问题解决**：探讨怀疑的好处和与对立观点对抗可能带来的积极效果，学习如何通过对替代方案的推动提升问题解决的细致性，并在会议或政治谈判中如何组织怀疑以促进解决方案的达成。 本课程旨在深入理解怀疑主义与政治之间的复杂关系，促进思考、讨论及在政治问题上创新性解决方案的能力。
Name:Political Origins
Description:We will discuss the historical and philosophical backgrounds to Plato's rejection of democracy: they will turn out to be intimately connected to his rejection of Skepticism. In addition we will present Karl Popper's highly critical assessment of Plato's 'totalitarian' alternative.
Name:Skepticism and Religion
Description:We will sketch some of the skeptical arguments against Christianity developed by Roman philosophers, but we will also see how Skepticism soon turned into an ally of Christian theology. By the end of the seventeenth century, however, Pierre Bayle turned Skepticism into a highly questionable source of support to revealed religion.
Name:Skepticism and Natural Law
Description:We will turn to the relevance of the early modern natural law tradition, serving as as an antidote to Skepticism. Grotius's efforts will be discussed, and we will see how during the eighteenth century David Hume pushed Skepticism to its ultimate and highly disturbing conclusion.
Name:Skepticism and Conservatism
Description:We will focus on the intimate relationship between Skepticism and the origins of eighteenth-century conservatism: Edmund Burke's analysis of the French Revolution will be put into perspective. But we will also pay attention to the way in which Skepticism came to serve as a progressive and liberating force, for instance in its critique of biblical authority.
Name:“There’s a method to his madness”: Responses to Cartesian Skepticism
Description:We will discuss the specific and influential way in which Rene Descartes defined the problems of Skepticism, not only the question whether knowledge is possible, but also the question whether the external world and all the objects and properties in it, really exist. But instead of considering Descartes’ own rationalist response, we will then move on to consider the alternative responses of John Locke, Charles Peirce, and John Austin.
Name:Fallibilism, prejudices and toleration: Lessons from Pyrrhonian Skepticism
Description:We will address the question whether, in what sense, and to what extent, Skepticism provides good reasons to do away with prejudices and to adopt religious tolerance. First we will distinguish carefully between belief and truth. Then we will consider the attitude of the positive Skeptic: truth exists, but all our beliefs are and remain prejudices. Finally, we will investigate the role that this epistemic predicament plays in arguments for toleration.
Name:The marketplace of ideas: An imaginative argument for freedom of expression
Description:We will consider Mill’s argument from “the marketplace of ideas” for both freedom of opinion and freedom of expression of opinion. If ideas can compete freely, truth will emerge. Just as a free market is self correcting, speech should not be restricted, because in a free and open encounter, the true and sound ideas will survive, and the false and unsound ideas will vanquish. We will identify the Skeptical assumptions of Mill’s argument and we will evaluate it.
Name:The benefit of the doubt: Critical creative problem solving in politics
Description:What is the benefit of the doubt? What good can come from the confrontation with alternative views or rival opinions? First we will learn that one of the most effective ways to boost the carefulness of problem solving processes is by pushing on alternatives. Then we will consider the role of organized doubt in meetings, deliberations or political negotiations; to find a solution or to reach an agreement, the participants should deliberately adopt the perspective of the others and make their rival opinions relevant.
This is a course about the history of Skepticism from the ancient Greeks to today, with special attention to the political ramifications of questioning man's ability to know the world and himself with any certainty. We will discuss the debates raging between Plato and the Sophists, the rise of Christianity in the Roman world, and the so-called 'Skeptical Crisis' of the Renaissance as well as Pierre Bayle's Skepticism and David Hume's. In addition the Natural Law tradition will be explored and the relationship between Skepticism and Conservatism. In the second part, we will explore the systematic relations between Skepticism and politics. What is skeptical doubt? When is doubt relevant? How does Skepticism relate to tolerance and to freedom of expression? And can it help us to solve political problems not only in a critical, but also in a creative way?
