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所在平台: Coursera |
课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/learn/aristotle
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课程名称：古代哲学：亚里士多德及其继承者 课程概述： 本课程探讨了哲学的定义及其与科学、宗教及其他人类交流方式的区别，追溯了西方哲学的起源，特别是古希腊思想家的贡献。课程从公元前6世纪在伊奥尼亚的前苏格拉底自然哲学家开始，他们被认为是第一批科学家。泰勒斯、阿那克西曼德和阿那克西美尼提出了关于现实终极构成的大胆命题，而赫拉克利特则主张变化的世界中存在着潜在的秩序。帕门尼德斯对这些提法提出了有力的反对，随后希腊理论家如阿那克萨哥拉斯和原子论者德莫克利特试图回应这一反对。在公元前5世纪的雅典，苏格拉底强调了“我该如何生活？”这一基本伦理问题，而他的学生柏拉图与柏拉图的学生亚里士多德进一步发展出复杂的哲学体系，解释现实、本体、知识与人类幸福的本质。亚里士多德去世后，在希腊化时期，埃皮库罗斯主义和斯多亚主义对早期传统进行了发展和转化。课程将研究所有这些思想家的主要教义。第一部分将覆盖柏拉图及其前任，第二部分将探讨亚里士多德及其继任者。 课程大纲： 1. **亚里士多德的范畴**：探讨亚里士多德反对柏拉图的形而上学，认为终极现实是我们经验中的普通对象，如人和动物。每一个对象都是实体，构成最基本的存在类型。 2. **亚里士多德的自然哲学**：自然实体具有质料和形式，自然过程是目标导向的。每一个生命体（包括植物和动物）都有使其运动的灵魂。 3. **亚里士多德的伦理学**：宇宙的运动是永恒的，其原因是一个永恒的未动者，即亚里士多德的神。我们的生活目标是实现幸福，幸福有两种形式：通过践行道德美德所获得的人类幸福，以及通过理解永恒真理所获得的类神的幸福。 4. **埃皮库罗斯主义**：埃皮库罗斯主义者重温德莫克利特的原子论，认为自然中没有目的。哲学是一种治疗实践，可消除恐惧和焦虑，为我们提供神的宁静（心灵的平静）。 5. **斯多亚主义**：一个预定的神在宇宙的每一个细节中起作用，一切都是命运所安排的。我们生活的目标是顺应这种神圣的自然，放弃对世俗目标的关注（但不放弃追求）。 通过这门课程，学员将深入理解古代哲学的核心思想及其对后世的影响。
Name:Aristotle’s Categories
Description:Aristotle’s anti-Platonic metaphysics: the ultimate realities are ordinary objects of our experience, like people and animals. Each of these is a substances, the most fundamental type of being.
Name:Aristotle's Natural Philosophy
Description:Natural substances have matter and form, and natural processes are goal-directed. Every living thing, plants and animals included, has a soul that moves it.
Name:Aristotle's Ethics
Description:The motion of the universe is eternal and its cause is an eternal unmoved mover, Aristotle’s god. Our goal in life is to achieve happiness, which comes in two varieties: the human happiness we achieve by exercising the virtues of character, and the godlike happiness we achieve when we grasp eternal truths.
Name:Epicureanism
Description:Epicureans return to the atomism of Democritus, and find no purpose in nature. Philosophy is a therapeutic practice that removes fear and anxiety and provides us with the tranquility (ataraxia) of the gods.
Name:Stoicism
Description:A providential god is at work in every detail of the cosmos, where everything happens by fate. Our goal in life is to accommodate ourselves to this divine nature by giving up our concern for (but not our pursuit of) worldly objectives.
What is philosophy? How does it differ from science, religion, and other modes of human discourse? This course traces the origins of philosophy in the Western tradition in the thinkers of Ancient Greece. We begin with the Presocratic natural philosophers who were active in Ionia in the 6th century BCE and are also credited with being the first scientists. Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximines made bold proposals about the ultimate constituents of reality, while Heraclitus insisted that there is an underlying order to the changing world. Parmenides of Elea formulated a powerful objection to all these proposals, while later Greek theorists (such as Anaxagoras and the atomist Democritus) attempted to answer that objection. In fifth-century Athens, Socrates insisted on the importance of the fundamental ethical question—“How shall I live?”—and his pupil, Plato, and Plato’s pupil, Aristotle, developed elaborate philosophical systems to explain the nature of reality, knowledge, and human happiness. After the death of Aristotle, in the Hellenistic period, Epicureans and Stoics developed and transformed that earlier tradition. We will study the major doctrines of all these thinkers. Part I will cover Plato and his predecessors. Part II will cover Aristotle and his successors.
