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所在平台: Coursera |
课程主页: https://www.coursera.org/learn/ancient-greeks
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课程名称：《古希腊》 课程概述：本课程调查了从青铜时代到公元前399年苏格拉底去世的古希腊历史。除了研究最重要的事件和人物，我们还将考虑一些更广泛的问题，如政治和文化价值观，以及历史解读方法。 教学大纲： 1. **史前时代到荷马**：课程的第一部分介绍了“希腊世界”的物理和地理环境，迅速回顾了两个青铜时代文明：克里特岛的米诺斯文明和希腊大陆的迈锡尼文明。我们将探讨学者如何通过考古证据重建这些社会结构的图景，并讨论在后续的“黑暗时代”中，如何重构长达四个世纪的历史。课程结尾将简要探讨《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》这两部荷马史诗，它们成为希腊文化身份的重要组成部分。 2. **古风时代（约公元前800-500年）**：第二模块讨论古风时代的动荡与创造性，希腊人形成了与东地中海邻国截然不同的文化认同，发展出“城邦”这一社区形式。课程将讨论人口回升、海外殖民和法律文书的书写，再加上公民士兵构成的重装步兵部队的军事组织形式。此外，课程还涵盖了当时抒情诗人的作品，包括赫西俄德的个人伦理及实用农业建议。 3. **两个城邦：斯巴达与雅典**：第三模块聚焦斯巴达和雅典这两个城邦的政治发展，作为对第二模块中社会重大变革的回应。斯巴达以严格的军事纪律而闻名，雅典则展现了民主的早期迹象。本模块也探讨了在许多城邦中兴起的专制现象。 4. **民主与波斯战争**：第四模块专注于6世纪末雅典建立完全民主的关键十年，希罗多德在此期间记录了希腊与波斯之间的第一次重大文化冲突。在雅典将军忒密斯托克利的领导下，雅典转变为强大的海权国家。 5. **伟大的五十年（约公元前480-431年）**：第五模块总结了波斯战争结束和伯罗奔尼撒战争爆发之间的时期，研究雅典“黄金时代”的特征，以及德利亚同盟的建立及其向雅典帝国的转变。我们将讨论领导雅典民主扩张的佩里克勒斯及女性在希腊社会中的角色。 6. **伯罗奔尼撒战争I**：第六模块关注伯罗奔尼撒战争及其对几乎所有希腊城邦的影响，通过修昔底德的视角分析战争的进展，结合阿里斯托芬的讽刺作品来探讨战争中的社会心理。 7. **战争的结束，世纪的结束**：最后一个模块讲述战争终结后的社会经济变化，尤其是外籍居民与奴隶对雅典的重要性。尽管在西西里遭遇惨败，雅典人依旧坚守数年，最终经历寡头统治与短暂的内战，并考量这些历史事件如何最终影响了苏格拉底的受审及被判处死刑。 本课程将帮助学习者深入理解古希腊的历史、文化与政治结构，领略这个时代的辉煌与复杂。
Name:Prehistory to Homer
Description:We will start our first module with an overview of the physical and geographical setting for our class – “the Greek world.” Then we will move rapidly across many centuries, beginning with two Bronze Age civilizations: Minoan on the island of Crete, and Mycenaean on the mainland. Our evidence for both of these is almost purely archaeological, and so you can consider the ways scholars have interpreted material remains to build a picture of how the societies were structured. After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization, there followed the so-called Dark Ages. These four centuries pose for us the challenge of reconstructing what happened during a long period that has left relatively little evidence. We will conclude this module with an all too brief consideration of the two magnificent Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, whose stories and heroes became essential elements in Greek cultural identity.
Name:The Archaic Age (ca. 800-500 BCE)
Description:Module 2 brings us into the turbulent, creative Archaic Age, during which the Greeks acquired a cultural identity distinct from that of their neighbors in the Eastern Mediterranean. They developed their characteristic form of community, the polis, or “city-state.” With a rebound in population, moreover, they founded numerous colonies abroad. In addition, the Greeks recovered literacy, which enabled them to write down law codes for the poleis. The newly established communities had a new form of military organization, the hoplite army, manned by citizen-soldiers. The lyric poets of that era wrote verses that address such great social changes, and also offer vivid accounts of individuals’ emotions and opinions. The module ends with another poet, Hesiod, somewhat later and less famous than Homer, but also very significant. His subjects range from the origins of the cosmos and the gods, to personal ethics, to practical advice about farming.
Name:Two City-States: Sparta and Athens
Description:In Module 3 we will analyze some major political developments in the Archaic Age, which were largely responses to the huge societal changes discussed in Module 2. We will focus on Sparta and Athens. Sparta evolved into a unique hoplite-polis, famed for strict discipline and military prowess. Athens followed a very different path, showing the first traces of democracy. We will also observe how tyrannies arose in many poleis, often, paradoxically, to the community’s benefit. In fact we can now consider the historical effect of individual leaders, like the renowned lawgivers, Lycurgus of Sparta and Solon of Athens. Both men came to be revered as the “founding fathers” of their poleis. Both men also belonged to the legendary Seven Sages, who were famed for their wisdom. The module concludes with a consideration of Peisistratos, who ruled Athens as a tyrant in the mid-6th-century BCE and led the Athenians to new levels of power and prosperity.
Name:Democracy. The Persian Wars
Description:Module 4’s sessions will begin by focusing on the crucial decade at the end of the 6th century, when the Athenians instituted full democracy. In fact the development of democracy is one of the principal reasons to study Greek history. Athens was also the adopted home of Herodotus, who was the first author in the West to characterize his writing as history. Herodotus chose to recount the first great clash of cultures in the West, the conflict between Greece and Persia, and his story goes far beyond the war and its battles. He was deeply concerned with how societies define themselves. The breadth of his interests, his insight and his good humor all contribute to the appeal of his work. We will also observe how Athens, under the leadership of the brilliant general Themistocles, began to transform itself into a formidable naval power.
Name:"The Great 50 Years" (ca. 480-431 BCE)
Description:Module 5 surveys the period between the end of the Persian Wars and the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War, which came to be known as Athens’ “Golden Age.” After the Persian Wars, there grew an alliance of Greek states that was meant to maintain security. The allies asked the Athenians to lead the confederation, called the Delian League. We will examine how the league was gradually transformed into an empire dominated by Athens. We will also discuss the extraordinary Pericles, who was a leader in the expansionist Athenian democracy and shaped many of its policies. In addition we will pay some overdue attention to the role of women in Greek society, with a consideration of the character of Antigone and a more general assessment of women’s status. We will conclude with an – again, too brief – account of the great building program that produced the Parthenon and the other renowned monuments on the Athenian Acropolis.
Name:The Peloponnesian War I
Description:For Module 6, we turn first to Thucydides the Athenian. He “wrote the war” that broke out between the Athenians and the Spartans and their allies and eventually affected almost all the Greek poleis. Thucydides’ method is very different from that of Herodotus. His style seems aloof, austere, dispassionate and scientific, and his narrative is much more tightly focused on the progress of the war. Nonetheless, he also has his own particular modes of interpretation that convey some powerful images and opinions. We will also look at the comic genius Aristophanes, whose Acharnians is a trenchant fantasy about an ordinary Athenian who is sick of the war and makes a private peace with Sparta. The Module concludes with Alcibiades, the dazzling rogue who dominated Athenian political life during the later stages of the war. We will also consider the social milieu in which he flourished.
Name:The End of the War, the End of the Century
Description:The final Module brings us to the end of the fifth century and beyond. The charismatic Alcibiades persuaded his fellow citizens to invade Sicily. Eventually they were routed. Along with the events of the end of the war, we will consider the social and economic importance for Athens of foreign residents (metics) and slaves. Despite the catastrophe in Sicily, the Athenians kept fighting for almost a decade. After their final defeat, they endured a period of oligarchic domination and a brief but vicious civil war. Although they resolved it with a general amnesty, it is likely that the lingering anxiety contributed to the prosecution and conviction of Socrates in 399 BCE. In response to prior learners’ requests, the module ends with a lecture about Philip II and Alexander the Great. The Macedonians also offer a salutary reminder that Greek history is a capacious subject that should not be artificially limited to the Classical period.
Name:Course Pages
Description:
This is a survey of ancient Greek history from the Bronze Age to the death of Socrates in 399 BCE. Along with studying the most important events and personalities, we will consider broader issues such as political and cultural values and methods of historical interpretation.
